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Our Little Polish Cousin
Our Little Polish Cousin

Chapter VI

Chapter 6 of Our Little Polish Cousin is here in full — 151 sentences across 31 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/30 · 5 lines
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CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.
This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.
Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.
Sometimes, these voracious animals would even carry off the peasants' children before their very eyes.
Consequently, as the peasants were unable to cope with the enemy, they must seek assistance somewhere, and where more naturally than of their patron saint?
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Our Little Polish Cousin

Chapter VI

Chapter 6 of Our Little Polish Cousin is here in full — 151 sentences across 31 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/30 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.
Line 2
This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.
/ðɪs ɪz wʌn ʌv ðə moʊst dɪˈvaʊt rɪˈlɪdʒəs ˌseləˈbreɪʃənz ɪn ðə lænd fɔːr ðə ˈpezənts bɪˈliːv wɜːr ðeɪ tuː fərˈɡet ðɪs ˈserəmoʊni ˈiːvɪn wʌns ðæt ðer ˈvɪlədʒəz wʊd biː ˈdevəsteɪtɪd baɪ ðə wʊlvz wɪtʃ praʊl əˈbaʊt ˈoʊvər ðə pleɪnz ɪn sɜːrtʃ ʌv fuːd wen ðə ɡraʊnd ɪz ˈkʌvərd θɪk wɪð snoʊ ənd ɪt ɪz ˈdɪfəkəlt fɔːr ðem tuː faɪnd ˈsʌstənəns/
Line 3
Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.
/lɔːŋ jɪrz bɪˈfɔːr ðə ˈvɪlədʒəz wɜːr nɑːt æz ˈfriːkwənt nɔːr æz wel prəˈtektɪd æz ðeɪ naʊ ɑːr ˈðerfɔːr ɪt dɪd ˈhæpən ðæt ðə waɪld biːsts wʊd dɪˈsend ɪn droʊvz əˈpɑːn ðə hoʊmz ʌv ðiːz puːr ˈpiːpəl huː wɜːr ˈpaʊərləs tuː draɪv ðem əˈweɪ/
Line 4
Sometimes, these voracious animals would even carry off the peasants' children before their very eyes.
/səmˈtaɪmz ðiːz vɔːˈreɪʃəs ˈænəməlz wʊd ˈiːvɪn ˈkæri ɔːf ðə ˈpezənts ˈtʃɪldrən bɪˈfɔːr ðer ˈveri aɪz/
Line 5
Consequently, as the peasants were unable to cope with the enemy, they must seek assistance somewhere, and where more naturally than of their patron saint?
/ˈkɑːnsəkwəntli æz ðə ˈpezənts wɜːr əˈneɪbəl tuː koʊp wɪð ðə ˈenəmi ðeɪ mʌst siːk əˈsɪstəns ˈsʌmwer ənd wer mɔːr ˈnætʃərəli ðæn ʌv ðer ˈpeɪtrən seɪnt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

carnival noun US /ˈkɑːrnəvəl/

a festival marked by merrymaking and processions

From this reading “CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.”

celebrations noun US /ˌseləˈbreɪʃənz/

plural of “celebration” — a joyful occasion for special festivities to mark some happy event

From this reading “This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.”

cope verb US /koʊp/

succeed in doing, achieving, or producing (something) with the limited or inadequate means available

From this reading “Consequently, as the peasants were unable to cope with the enemy, they must seek assistance somewhere, and where more naturally than of their patron saint?”

devastated verb US /ˈdevəsteɪtɪd/

past form of “devastate” — cause extensive destruction or ruin utterly

From this reading “This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.”

droves noun US /droʊvz/

plural of “drove” — a group of animals (a herd or flock) moving together

From this reading “Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.”

prowl verb US /praʊl/

move about in or as if in a predatory manner

From this reading “This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.”

sustenance noun US /ˈsʌstənəns/

a source of materials to nourish the body

From this reading “This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.”

voracious adjective US /vɔːˈreɪʃəs/

excessively greedy and grasping

From this reading “Sometimes, these voracious animals would even carry off the peasants' children before their very eyes.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

patron saint noun + noun

a saint who is considered to be a defender of some group or nation

In this reading “Consequently, as the peasants were unable to cope with the enemy, they must seek assistance somewhere, and where more naturally than of their patron saint?”

wild beasts adjective + noun counted as “wild beast”

In this reading “Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.”

prowl about verb + particle

In this reading “This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.”

cope with verb + particle

In this reading “Consequently, as the peasants were unable to cope with the enemy, they must seek assistance somewhere, and where more naturally than of their patron saint?”

carry off verb + particle

be successful; achieve a goal

In this reading “Sometimes, these voracious animals would even carry off the peasants' children before their very eyes.”

takes place verb + noun counted as “take place”

come to pass

In this reading “CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.”

well protected adverb + adjective

In this reading “Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.”

second day noun + noun

In this reading “CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.”

All words in this reading · 113

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

animalsnounUS /ˈænəməlz/

plural of “animal” — a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading Sometimes, these voracious animals would even carry off the peasants' children before their very eyes.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

assistancenounUS /əˈsɪstəns/

the activity of contributing to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose

From this reading Consequently, as the peasants were unable to cope with the enemy, they must seek assistance somewhere, and where more naturally than of their patron saint?

awayadverbUS /əˈweɪ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

beastsnounUS /biːsts/

plural of “beast” — a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

believeverbUS /bɪˈliːv/

accept as true; take to be true

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

Candlemasnoun

feast day commemorating the presentation of Christ in the temple; a quarter day in Scotland

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

CandlesnounUS /ˈkændəlz/

plural of “candle” — stick of wax with a wick in the middle

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

CARNIVALnounUS /ˈkɑːrnəvəl/

a festival marked by merrymaking and processions

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

carryverbUS /ˈkæri/

move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading Sometimes, these voracious animals would even carry off the peasants' children before their very eyes.

celebrationsnounUS /ˌseləˈbreɪʃənz/

plural of “celebration” — a joyful occasion for special festivities to mark some happy event

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

ceremonynounUS /ˈserəmoʊni/

a formal event performed on a special occasion

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

childrennounUS /ˈtʃɪldrən/

plural of “child” — a young person of either sex

From this reading Sometimes, these voracious animals would even carry off the peasants' children before their very eyes.

ConsequentlyadverbUS /ˈkɑːnsəkwəntli/

(sentence connectors) because of the reason given

From this reading Consequently, as the peasants were unable to cope with the enemy, they must seek assistance somewhere, and where more naturally than of their patron saint?

copeverbUS /koʊp/

succeed in doing, achieving, or producing (something) with the limited or inadequate means available

From this reading Consequently, as the peasants were unable to cope with the enemy, they must seek assistance somewhere, and where more naturally than of their patron saint?

coveredadjectiveUS /ˈkʌvərd/

overlaid or spread or topped with or enclosed within something; sometimes used as a combining form

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

DaynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

descendverbUS /dɪˈsend/

move downward and lower, but not necessarily all the way

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

devastatedverbUS /ˈdevəsteɪtɪd/

past form of “devastate” — cause extensive destruction or ruin utterly

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

devoutadjectiveUS /dɪˈvaʊt/

deeply religious

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

difficultadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfəkəlt/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

driveverbUS /draɪv/

operate or control a vehicle

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

drovesnounUS /droʊvz/

plural of “drove” — a group of animals (a herd or flock) moving together

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

enemynounUS /ˈenəmi/

an opposing military force

From this reading Consequently, as the peasants were unable to cope with the enemy, they must seek assistance somewhere, and where more naturally than of their patron saint?

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

eyesnounUS /aɪz/

opinion or judgment

From this reading Sometimes, these voracious animals would even carry off the peasants' children before their very eyes.

FeastnounUS /fiːst/

a ceremonial dinner party for many people

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

FebruarynounUS /ˈfebjəweri/

the month following January and preceding March

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

foodnounUS /fuːd/

any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

forgetverbUS /fərˈɡet/

dismiss from the mind; stop remembering

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

frequentverbUS /ˈfriːkwənt/

do one's shopping at; do business with; be a customer or client of

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

groundnounUS /ɡraʊnd/

the solid part of the earth's surface

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

happenverbUS /ˈhæpən/

come to pass

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

homesnounUS /hoʊmz/

plural of “home” — where you live at a particular time

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

JANUARYnounUS /ˈdʒænjuːeri/

the first month of the year; begins 10 days after the winter solstice

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

landnounUS /lænd/

the land on which real estate is located

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

LongadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

monthnounUS /mʌnθ/

one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Consequently, as the peasants were unable to cope with the enemy, they must seek assistance somewhere, and where more naturally than of their patron saint?

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading Consequently, as the peasants were unable to cope with the enemy, they must seek assistance somewhere, and where more naturally than of their patron saint?

naturallyadverbUS /ˈnætʃərəli/

as might be expected

From this reading Consequently, as the peasants were unable to cope with the enemy, they must seek assistance somewhere, and where more naturally than of their patron saint?

norconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

offadverbUS /ɔːf/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading Sometimes, these voracious animals would even carry off the peasants' children before their very eyes.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

passedverbUS /pæst/

past form of “pass” — go across or through

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

patronnounUS /ˈpeɪtrən/

a regular customer

From this reading Consequently, as the peasants were unable to cope with the enemy, they must seek assistance somewhere, and where more naturally than of their patron saint?

peasantsnounUS /ˈpezənts/

plural of “peasant” — a country person

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

plainsnounUS /pleɪnz/

plural of “plain” — extensive tract of level open land

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

pooradjectiveUS /puːr/

deserving or inciting pity

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

powerlessadjectiveUS /ˈpaʊərləs/

lacking power

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

protectedadjectiveUS /prəˈtektɪd/

kept safe or defended from danger or injury or loss

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

prowlverbUS /praʊl/

move about in or as if in a predatory manner

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

religiousadjectiveUS /rɪˈlɪdʒəs/

concerned with sacred matters or religion or the church

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

saintnounUS /seɪnt/

a person who has died and has been declared a saint by canonization

From this reading Consequently, as the peasants were unable to cope with the enemy, they must seek assistance somewhere, and where more naturally than of their patron saint?

searchverbUS /sɜːrtʃ/

try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

SEASONnounUS /ˈsiːzən/

a period of the year marked by special events or activities in some field

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

secondnounUS /ˈsekənd/

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

seekverbUS /siːk/

try to get or reach

From this reading Consequently, as the peasants were unable to cope with the enemy, they must seek assistance somewhere, and where more naturally than of their patron saint?

snownounUS /snoʊ/

precipitation falling from clouds in the form of ice crystals

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

SometimesadverbUS /səmˈtaɪmz/

on certain occasions or in certain cases but not always

From this reading Sometimes, these voracious animals would even carry off the peasants' children before their very eyes.

somewhereadverbUS /ˈsʌmwer/

in or at or to some place

From this reading Consequently, as the peasants were unable to cope with the enemy, they must seek assistance somewhere, and where more naturally than of their patron saint?

sustenancenounUS /ˈsʌstənəns/

a source of materials to nourish the body

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

takesnounUS /teɪks/

plural of “take” — the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Consequently, as the peasants were unable to cope with the enemy, they must seek assistance somewhere, and where more naturally than of their patron saint?

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

thereforeadverbUS /ˈðerfɔːr/

for that reason; as a result

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

thickadjectiveUS /θɪk/

not thin; of a specific thickness or of relatively great extent from one surface to the opposite usually in the smallest of the three solid dimensions

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

unableadjectiveUS /əˈneɪbəl/

(usually followed by “to”) not having the necessary means or skill or know-how

From this reading Consequently, as the peasants were unable to cope with the enemy, they must seek assistance somewhere, and where more naturally than of their patron saint?

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

usheredverbUS /ˈʌʃərd/

past form of “usher” — take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading Sometimes, these voracious animals would even carry off the peasants' children before their very eyes.

villagesnounUS /ˈvɪlədʒəz/

plural of “village” — a community of people smaller than a town

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

voraciousadjectiveUS /vɔːˈreɪʃəs/

excessively greedy and grasping

From this reading Sometimes, these voracious animals would even carry off the peasants' children before their very eyes.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading Consequently, as the peasants were unable to cope with the enemy, they must seek assistance somewhere, and where more naturally than of their patron saint?

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

wildadjectiveUS /waɪld/

marked by extreme lack of restraint or control

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading CARNIVAL SEASON JANUARY has passed, and February is ushered in with the Feast of the Candles, or Candlemas Day, which takes place upon the second day of the month.

wolvesnounUS /wʊlvz/

plural of “wolf” — any of various predatory carnivorous canine mammals of North America and Eurasia that usually hunt in packs

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading This is one of the most devout religious celebrations in the land, for the peasants believe, were they to forget this ceremony even once, that their villages would be devastated by the wolves which prowl about over the plains in search of food when the ground is covered thick with snow, and it is difficult for them to find sustenance.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading Long years before, the villages were not as frequent, nor as well protected as they now are; therefore, it did happen that the wild beasts would descend in droves upon the homes of these poor people, who were powerless to drive them away.

Chapter 6 of Our Little Polish Cousin by Florence Emma Voigt Mendel holds 151 sentences, grouped into 31 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 6 of Our Little Polish Cousin contain?

Chapter 6 holds 151 sentences of Our Little Polish Cousin, unabridged, divided into 31 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 6 of Our Little Polish Cousin by Florence Emma Voigt Mendel exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 151 sentences, grouped into 31 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 6 of Our Little Polish Cousin?

Work through the 31 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 31 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 6 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 6 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Our Little Polish Cousin

Common questions about reading Our Little Polish Cousin by Florence Emma Voigt Mendel on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Our Little Polish Cousin?

Yes. All 1177 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #43513 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Our Little Polish Cousin is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #43513, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Our Little Polish Cousin take to read?

About 98 minutes of reading across 236 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Our Little Polish Cousin section by section

How to work through Our Little Polish Cousin section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 10 chapters of Our Little Polish Cousin to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Our Little Polish Cousin

Words and structures a reader meets early in Our Little Polish Cousin, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Volume
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Our Little Polish Cousin; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Illustrated
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Our Little Polish Cousin; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Full-page
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Our Little Polish Cousin; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Plates
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Our Little Polish Cousin; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.