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Our Mutual Friend
Our Mutual Friend

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of Our Mutual Friend is here in full — 510 sentences across 102 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/102 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
SETTING TRAPS Plashwater Weir Mill Lock looked tranquil and pretty on an evening in the summer time.
A soft air stirred the leaves of the fresh green trees, and passed like a smooth shadow over the river, and like a smoother shadow over the yielding grass.
The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.
Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.
As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Our Mutual Friend

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of Our Mutual Friend is here in full — 510 sentences across 102 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/102 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
SETTING TRAPS Plashwater Weir Mill Lock looked tranquil and pretty on an evening in the summer time.
Line 2
A soft air stirred the leaves of the fresh green trees, and passed like a smooth shadow over the river, and like a smoother shadow over the yielding grass.
/ə sɑːft er stɜːrd ðə liːvz ʌv ðə freʃ ɡriːn triːz ənd pæst laɪk ə smuːð ˈʃæd.oʊ ˈoʊvər ðə ˈrɪvər ənd laɪk ə ˈsmuːðər ˈʃæd.oʊ ˈoʊvər ðə ˈjiːldɪŋ ɡræs/
Line 3
The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.
Line 4
Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.
Line 5
As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

aggressive adjective US /əˈɡresɪv/

having or showing determination and energetic pursuit of your ends

From this reading “As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.”

contemplative adjective US /kənˈtemplətɪv/

deeply or seriously thoughtful

From this reading “The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.”

dozing verb US /ˈdoʊzɪŋ/

-ing form of “doze” — sleep lightly or for a short period of time

From this reading “The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.”

inclinations noun US /ˌɪnkləˈneɪʃənz/

plural of “inclination” — an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others

From this reading “As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.”

levers noun US /ˈlevərz/

plural of “lever” — a rigid bar pivoted about a fulcrum

From this reading “The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.”

smoother noun US /ˈsmuːðər/

a power tool used for sanding wood; an endless loop of sandpaper is moved at high speed by an electric motor

From this reading “A soft air stirred the leaves of the fresh green trees, and passed like a smooth shadow over the river, and like a smoother shadow over the yielding grass.”

traps noun US /træps/

plural of “trap” — a device in which something (usually an animal) can be caught and penned

From this reading “SETTING TRAPS Plashwater Weir Mill Lock looked tranquil and pretty on an evening in the summer time.”

Weir noun US /wiːr/

a low dam built across a stream to raise its level or divert its flow

From this reading “SETTING TRAPS Plashwater Weir Mill Lock looked tranquil and pretty on an evening in the summer time.”

All words in this reading · 108

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A soft air stirred the leaves of the fresh green trees, and passed like a smooth shadow over the river, and like a smoother shadow over the yielding grass.

absencenounUS /ˈæbsəns/

the state of being absent

From this reading As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.

agencynounUS /ˈeɪdʒənsi/

an administrative unit of government

From this reading Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

aggressiveadjectiveUS /əˈɡresɪv/

having or showing determination and energetic pursuit of your ends

From this reading As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.

airnounUS /er/

a mixture of gases (especially oxygen) required for breathing; the stuff that the wind consists of

From this reading A soft air stirred the leaves of the fresh green trees, and passed like a smooth shadow over the river, and like a smoother shadow over the yielding grass.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading SETTING TRAPS Plashwater Weir Mill Lock looked tranquil and pretty on an evening in the summer time.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading SETTING TRAPS Plashwater Weir Mill Lock looked tranquil and pretty on an evening in the summer time.

angryadjectiveUS /ˈæŋɡri/

feeling or showing anger

From this reading As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

attendedadjectiveUS /əˈtendɪd/

playing or singing with instrumental or vocal accompaniment

From this reading As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.

balanceverbUS /ˈbæləns/

bring into balance or equilibrium

From this reading As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

bluntadjectiveUS /blʌnt/

having a broad or rounded end

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

buttverbUS /bʌt/

lie adjacent to another or share a boundary

From this reading Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

contemplativeadjectiveUS /kənˈtemplətɪv/

deeply or seriously thoughtful

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

dozingverbUS /ˈdoʊzɪŋ/

-ing form of “doze” — sleep lightly or for a short period of time

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

drawnadjectiveUS /drɔːn/

showing the wearing effects of overwork or care or suffering

From this reading Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

else

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.

eveningnounUS /ˈiːvnɪŋ/

the latter part of the day (the period of decreasing daylight from late afternoon until nightfall)

From this reading SETTING TRAPS Plashwater Weir Mill Lock looked tranquil and pretty on an evening in the summer time.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.

fallingadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːlɪŋ/

decreasing in amount or degree

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

freshadjectiveUS /freʃ/

recently made, produced, or harvested

From this reading A soft air stirred the leaves of the fresh green trees, and passed like a smooth shadow over the river, and like a smoother shadow over the yielding grass.

gotverbUS /ɡɑːt/

inflected form of “get” — come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

From this reading Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

grassverbUS /ɡræs/

shoot down, of birds

From this reading A soft air stirred the leaves of the fresh green trees, and passed like a smooth shadow over the river, and like a smoother shadow over the yielding grass.

greennounUS /ɡriːn/

green color or pigment; resembling the color of growing grass

From this reading A soft air stirred the leaves of the fresh green trees, and passed like a smooth shadow over the river, and like a smoother shadow over the yielding grass.

growlnounUS /ɡraʊl/

the sound of growling (as made by animals)

From this reading As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading SETTING TRAPS Plashwater Weir Mill Lock looked tranquil and pretty on an evening in the summer time.

inclinationsnounUS /ˌɪnkləˈneɪʃənz/

plural of “inclination” — an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others

From this reading As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

leavesnounUS /liːvz/

plural of “leaf” — the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants

From this reading A soft air stirred the leaves of the fresh green trees, and passed like a smooth shadow over the river, and like a smoother shadow over the yielding grass.

leversnounUS /ˈlevərz/

plural of “lever” — a rigid bar pivoted about a fulcrum

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading A soft air stirred the leaves of the fresh green trees, and passed like a smooth shadow over the river, and like a smoother shadow over the yielding grass.

listenernounUS /ˈlɪsənər/

someone who listens attentively

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

LockverbUS /lɑːk/

fasten with a lock

From this reading SETTING TRAPS Plashwater Weir Mill Lock looked tranquil and pretty on an evening in the summer time.

lock-gates

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

lookedverbUS /lʊkt/

past form of “look” — perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading SETTING TRAPS Plashwater Weir Mill Lock looked tranquil and pretty on an evening in the summer time.

memorynounUS /ˈmem.ər.i/

The faculty by which the mind stores and remembers information and knowledge.

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

MillverbUS /mɪl/

move about in a confused manner

From this reading SETTING TRAPS Plashwater Weir Mill Lock looked tranquil and pretty on an evening in the summer time.

MrnounUS /ˈmɪstər/

a form of address for a man

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

naturenounUS /ˈneɪtʃər/

the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

noddingadjectiveUS /ˈnɑːdɪŋ/

having branches or flower heads that bend downward

From this reading As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading A soft air stirred the leaves of the fresh green trees, and passed like a smooth shadow over the river, and like a smoother shadow over the yielding grass.

offadverbUS /ɔːf/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading SETTING TRAPS Plashwater Weir Mill Lock looked tranquil and pretty on an evening in the summer time.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

outeradjectiveUS /ˈaʊtər/

being on the outside or further from a center

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading A soft air stirred the leaves of the fresh green trees, and passed like a smooth shadow over the river, and like a smoother shadow over the yielding grass.

particularlyadverbUS /ˌpɑːrˈtɪkjələrli/

to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

passedverbUS /pæst/

past form of “pass” — go across or through

From this reading A soft air stirred the leaves of the fresh green trees, and passed like a smooth shadow over the river, and like a smoother shadow over the yielding grass.

Plashwater

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading SETTING TRAPS Plashwater Weir Mill Lock looked tranquil and pretty on an evening in the summer time.

prettyadjectiveUS /ˈprɪti/

pleasing by delicacy or grace; not imposing

From this reading SETTING TRAPS Plashwater Weir Mill Lock looked tranquil and pretty on an evening in the summer time.

recoverynounUS /rɪˈkʌvri/

return to an original state

From this reading As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.

Riderhood

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

rivernounUS /ˈrɪvər/

a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading A soft air stirred the leaves of the fresh green trees, and passed like a smooth shadow over the river, and like a smoother shadow over the yielding grass.

RoguenounUS /roʊɡ/

a deceitful and unreliable scoundrel

From this reading As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.

satnounUS /sæt/

the seventh and last day of the week; observed as the Sabbath by Jews and some Christians

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

seanounUS /siː/

a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

sentimentnounUS /ˈsentəmənt/

tender, romantic, or nostalgic feeling or emotion

From this reading Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

SETTINGnounUS /ˈsetɪŋ/

the context and environment in which something is set

From this reading SETTING TRAPS Plashwater Weir Mill Lock looked tranquil and pretty on an evening in the summer time.

shadownounUS /ˈʃæd.oʊ/

A dark area or shape produced by a body coming between rays of light and a surface.

From this reading A soft air stirred the leaves of the fresh green trees, and passed like a smooth shadow over the river, and like a smoother shadow over the yielding grass.

smoothadjectiveUS /smuːð/

having a surface free from roughness or bumps or ridges or irregularities

From this reading A soft air stirred the leaves of the fresh green trees, and passed like a smooth shadow over the river, and like a smoother shadow over the yielding grass.

smoothernounUS /ˈsmuːðər/

a power tool used for sanding wood; an endless loop of sandpaper is moved at high speed by an electric motor

From this reading A soft air stirred the leaves of the fresh green trees, and passed like a smooth shadow over the river, and like a smoother shadow over the yielding grass.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

softadjectiveUS /sɑːft/

yielding readily to pressure or weight

From this reading A soft air stirred the leaves of the fresh green trees, and passed like a smooth shadow over the river, and like a smoother shadow over the yielding grass.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

stareverbUS /ster/

look at with fixed eyes

From this reading As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.

stirredadjectiveUS /stɜːrd/

being excited or provoked to the expression of an emotion

From this reading A soft air stirred the leaves of the fresh green trees, and passed like a smooth shadow over the river, and like a smoother shadow over the yielding grass.

summernounUS /ˈsʌmər/

the warmest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox

From this reading SETTING TRAPS Plashwater Weir Mill Lock looked tranquil and pretty on an evening in the summer time.

tappedadjectiveUS /tæpt/

in a condition for letting out liquid drawn out as by piercing or drawing a plug

From this reading Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading SETTING TRAPS Plashwater Weir Mill Lock looked tranquil and pretty on an evening in the summer time.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading SETTING TRAPS Plashwater Weir Mill Lock looked tranquil and pretty on an evening in the summer time.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

towardsprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrdz/

in the direction of

From this reading As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.

tranquiladjectiveUS /ˈtræŋkwəl/

(of a body of water) free from disturbance by heavy waves

From this reading SETTING TRAPS Plashwater Weir Mill Lock looked tranquil and pretty on an evening in the summer time.

TRAPSnounUS /træps/

plural of “trap” — a device in which something (usually an animal) can be caught and penned

From this reading SETTING TRAPS Plashwater Weir Mill Lock looked tranquil and pretty on an evening in the summer time.

treesnounUS /triːz/

plural of “tree” — a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms

From this reading A soft air stirred the leaves of the fresh green trees, and passed like a smooth shadow over the river, and like a smoother shadow over the yielding grass.

voicenounUS /vɔɪs/

the distinctive quality or pitch or condition of a person's speech

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

voicesnounUS /ˈvɔɪsəz/

plural of “voice” — the distinctive quality or pitch or condition of a person's speech

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading As the Rogue sat, ever and again nodding himself off his balance, his recovery was always attended by an angry stare and growl, as if, in the absence of any one else, he had aggressive inclinations towards himself.

waternounUS /ˈwɔːtər/

binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

WeirnounUS /wiːr/

a low dam built across a stream to raise its level or divert its flow

From this reading SETTING TRAPS Plashwater Weir Mill Lock looked tranquil and pretty on an evening in the summer time.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

windnounUS /waɪnd/

air moving (sometimes with considerable force) from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

WinenounUS /waɪn/

fermented juice (of grapes especially)

From this reading Wine must be got into a butt by some agency before it can be drawn out; and the wine of sentiment never having been got into Mr Riderhood by any agency, nothing in nature tapped him.

woodenadjectiveUS /ˈwʊdən/

made or consisting of (entirely or in part) or employing wood

From this reading The voice of the falling water, like the voices of the sea and the wind, were as an outer memory to a contemplative listener; but not particularly so to Mr Riderhood, who sat on one of the blunt wooden levers of his lock-gates, dozing.

yieldingadjectiveUS /ˈjiːldɪŋ/

inclined to yield to argument or influence or control

From this reading A soft air stirred the leaves of the fresh green trees, and passed like a smooth shadow over the river, and like a smoother shadow over the yielding grass.

Chapter 31 of Our Mutual Friend by Charles Dickens holds 510 sentences, grouped into 102 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of Our Mutual Friend contain?

Chapter 31 holds 510 sentences of Our Mutual Friend, unabridged, divided into 102 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of Our Mutual Friend by Charles Dickens exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 510 sentences, grouped into 102 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of Our Mutual Friend?

Work through the 102 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 102 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Our Mutual Friend

Common questions about reading Our Mutual Friend by Charles Dickens on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Our Mutual Friend?

Yes. All 19192 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #883 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Our Mutual Friend is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #883, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Our Mutual Friend take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 3839 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Our Mutual Friend section by section

How to work through Our Mutual Friend section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Our Mutual Friend to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Our Mutual Friend

Words and structures a reader meets early in Our Mutual Friend, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

These
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Our Mutual Friend; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Times
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Our Mutual Friend; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Though
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Our Mutual Friend; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Concerning
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Our Mutual Friend; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.