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Outlines of English and American Literature
Outlines of English and American Literature

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Outlines of English and American Literature is here in full — 696 sentences across 140 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/139 · 5 lines
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THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!
Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.
By democracy we mean the assumption by common men of the responsibilities of government, with a consequent enlargement of human liberty.
Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.
HISTORICAL OUTLINE.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Outlines of English and American Literature

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Outlines of English and American Literature is here in full — 696 sentences across 140 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/139 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!
/ðə ˈɜːrli ˈnaɪnˈtiːnθ ˈsentʃəri tuː ˈvɔɪsəz ɑːr ðer wʌn ɪz ʌv ðə siː wʌn ʌv ðə ˈmaʊntənz iːtʃ ə ˈmaɪti vɔɪs ɪn boʊθ frʌm eɪdʒ tuː eɪdʒ ðaʊ dɪdst rɪˈdʒɔɪs ðeɪ wɜːr ðaɪ ˈtʃoʊzən ˈmjuːzɪk ˈlɪb.ər.ti/
Line 2
Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.
Line 3
By democracy we mean the assumption by common men of the responsibilities of government, with a consequent enlargement of human liberty.
/baɪ dɪˈmɑːkrəsi wiː miːn ðə əˈsʌmpʃən baɪ ˈkɑːmən men ʌv ðə riˌspɑːnsəˈbɪlətiz ʌv ˈɡʌvərmənt wɪð ə ˈkɑːnsəkwənt ɪnˈlɑːrdʒmənt ʌv ˈhjuːmən ˈlɪb.ər.ti/
Line 4
Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.
/roʊˈmæntəsɪzəm æz wiː juːs ðə tɜːrm hiːr miːnz ˈsɪmpli ðæt ˈlɪtərətʃər laɪk ˈpɑːlətɪks hæz bɪˈkʌm ˈlɪbɜːrəlaɪzd ðæt ɪt ɪz kənˈsɜːrnd wɪð ðə ˈkɑːmən laɪf ʌv men ənd ðæt ðə dɪˈlaɪts ʌv ˈlɪtərətʃər laɪk ðə ˈpaʊərz ʌv ˈɡʌvərmənt ɑːr noʊ ˈlɔːŋɡər ðə pəˈzeʃən ʌv ðə fjuː bʌt ʌv ðə ˈmeni/
Line 5
HISTORICAL OUTLINE.
/hɪˈstɔːrɪkəl ˈaʊtlaɪn/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

consequent adjective US /ˈkɑːnsəkwənt/

occurring with or following as a consequence

From this reading “By democracy we mean the assumption by common men of the responsibilities of government, with a consequent enlargement of human liberty.”

enlargement noun US /ɪnˈlɑːrdʒmənt/

the act of increasing (something) in size or volume or quantity or scope

From this reading “By democracy we mean the assumption by common men of the responsibilities of government, with a consequent enlargement of human liberty.”

grouped adjective US /ɡruːpt/

arranged into groups

From this reading “Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.”

liberalized verb US /ˈlɪbɜːrəlaɪzd/

past form of “liberalize” — make liberal or more liberal, of laws and rules

From this reading “Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.”

responsibilities noun US /riˌspɑːnsəˈbɪlətiz/

plural of “responsibility” — the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force

From this reading “By democracy we mean the assumption by common men of the responsibilities of government, with a consequent enlargement of human liberty.”

romanticism noun US /roʊˈmæntəsɪzəm/

impractical romantic ideals and attitudes

From this reading “Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.”

Sonnet noun US /ˈsɑːnɪt/

a verse form consisting of 14 lines with a fixed rhyme scheme

From this reading “Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.”

Wordsworth noun US /ˈwɜːrdzwərθ/

a romantic English poet whose work was inspired by the Lake District where he spent most of his life (1770-1850)

From this reading “Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.”

All words in this reading · 89

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

agenounUS /eɪdʒ/

how long something has existed

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.

assumptionnounUS /əˈsʌmpʃən/

a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn

From this reading By democracy we mean the assumption by common men of the responsibilities of government, with a consequent enlargement of human liberty.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.

becomeverbUS /bɪˈkʌm/

enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.

ByprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading By democracy we mean the assumption by common men of the responsibilities of government, with a consequent enlargement of human liberty.

CENTURYnounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

changesnounUS /ˈtʃeɪndʒəz/

plural of “change” — an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another

From this reading Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.

chosennounUS /ˈtʃoʊzən/

one who is the object of choice; who is given preference

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

commonadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmən/

belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public

From this reading By democracy we mean the assumption by common men of the responsibilities of government, with a consequent enlargement of human liberty.

concernedadjectiveUS /kənˈsɜːrnd/

feeling or showing worry or solicitude

From this reading Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.

consequentadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːnsəkwənt/

occurring with or following as a consequence

From this reading By democracy we mean the assumption by common men of the responsibilities of government, with a consequent enlargement of human liberty.

delightsnounUS /dɪˈlaɪts/

plural of “delight” — a feeling of extreme pleasure or satisfaction

From this reading Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.

democracynounUS /dɪˈmɑːkrəsi/

the political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives

From this reading Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.

didstauxiliary verbUS /dɪdst/

an old form of “did”, used with “thou”

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

EARLYadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.

enlargementnounUS /ɪnˈlɑːrdʒmənt/

the act of increasing (something) in size or volume or quantity or scope

From this reading By democracy we mean the assumption by common men of the responsibilities of government, with a consequent enlargement of human liberty.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

governmentnounUS /ˈɡʌvərmənt/

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.

groupedadjectiveUS /ɡruːpt/

arranged into groups

From this reading Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.

headsnounUS /hedz/

plural of “head” — the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.

hereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.

HISTORICALadjectiveUS /hɪˈstɔːrɪkəl/

of or relating to the study of history

From this reading HISTORICAL OUTLINE.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.

humanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/

characteristic of humanity

From this reading By democracy we mean the assumption by common men of the responsibilities of government, with a consequent enlargement of human liberty.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.

liberalizedverbUS /ˈlɪbɜːrəlaɪzd/

past form of “liberalize” — make liberal or more liberal, of laws and rules

From this reading Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.

LibertynounUS /ˈlɪb.ər.ti/

The state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions on one's way of life.

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.

literaryadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəreri/

of or relating to or characteristic of literature

From this reading Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.

literaturenounUS /ˈlɪtərətʃər/

creative writing of recognized artistic value

From this reading Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.

longeradverbUS /ˈlɔːŋɡər/

for more time

From this reading Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.

meanverbUS /miːn/

mean or intend to express or convey

From this reading By democracy we mean the assumption by common men of the responsibilities of government, with a consequent enlargement of human liberty.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading By democracy we mean the assumption by common men of the responsibilities of government, with a consequent enlargement of human liberty.

mightyadjectiveUS /ˈmaɪti/

having or showing great strength or force or intensity

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

mountainsnounUS /ˈmaʊntənz/

plural of “mountain” — a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

musicnounUS /ˈmjuːzɪk/

an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

NINETEENTHadjectiveUS /ˈnaɪnˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the eighteenth in position

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

nineteenth-century

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

OUTLINEnounUS /ˈaʊtlaɪn/

the line that appears to bound an object

From this reading HISTORICAL OUTLINE.

politicaladjectiveUS /pəˈlɪtəkəl/

involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians

From this reading Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.

politicsnounUS /ˈpɑːlətɪks/

social relations involving intrigue to gain authority or power

From this reading Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.

possessionnounUS /pəˈzeʃən/

the act of having and controlling property

From this reading Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.

powersnounUS /ˈpaʊərz/

plural of “power” — possession of controlling influence

From this reading Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.

progressnounUS /ˈprɑːɡres/

gradual improvement or growth or development

From this reading Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.

recordedadjectiveUS /rəˈkɔːrdɪd/

set down or registered in a permanent form especially on film or tape for reproduction

From this reading Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.

rejoiceverbUS /rɪˈdʒɔɪs/

feel happiness or joy

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

responsibilitiesnounUS /riˌspɑːnsəˈbɪlətiz/

plural of “responsibility” — the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force

From this reading By democracy we mean the assumption by common men of the responsibilities of government, with a consequent enlargement of human liberty.

romanticismnounUS /roʊˈmæntəsɪzəm/

impractical romantic ideals and attitudes

From this reading Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.

seanounUS /siː/

a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

simplyadverbUS /ˈsɪmpli/

and nothing more

From this reading Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.

SonnetnounUS /ˈsɑːnɪt/

a verse form consisting of 14 lines with a fixed rhyme scheme

From this reading Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.

SwitzerlandnounUS /ˈswɪtsərlənd/

a landlocked federal republic in central Europe

From this reading Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.

termnounUS /tɜːrm/

a word or expression used for some particular thing

From this reading Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

thoupronounUS /ðaʊ/

an old word for “you”, as the subject, speaking to one person

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

thydeterminerUS /ðaɪ/

an old word for “your”, speaking to one person

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

triumphnounUS /ˈtraɪəmf/

a successful ending of a struggle or contest

From this reading Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.

TwonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.

usenounUS /juːs/

the act of using

From this reading Romanticism, as we use the term here, means simply that literature, like politics, has become liberalized; that it is concerned with the common life of men, and that the delights of literature, like the powers of government, are no longer the possession of the few but of the many.

voicenounUS /vɔɪs/

the distinctive quality or pitch or condition of a person's speech

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

voicesnounUS /ˈvɔɪsəz/

plural of “voice” — the distinctive quality or pitch or condition of a person's speech

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading By democracy we mean the assumption by common men of the responsibilities of government, with a consequent enlargement of human liberty.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Two voices are there; one is of the sea, One of the mountains; each a mighty voice: In both from age to age thou didst rejoice, They were thy chosen music, Liberty!

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading By democracy we mean the assumption by common men of the responsibilities of government, with a consequent enlargement of human liberty.

WordsworthnounUS /ˈwɜːrdzwərθ/

a romantic English poet whose work was inspired by the Lake District where he spent most of his life (1770-1850)

From this reading Wordsworth, "Sonnet to Switzerland" The many changes recorded in the political and literary history of nineteenth-century England may be grouped under two heads: the progress of democracy in government, and the triumph of romanticism in literature.

Chapter 8 of Outlines of English and American Literature by William J. (William Joseph) Long holds 696 sentences, grouped into 140 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Outlines of English and American Literature contain?

Chapter 8 holds 696 sentences of Outlines of English and American Literature, unabridged, divided into 140 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Outlines of English and American Literature by William J. (William Joseph) Long exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 696 sentences, grouped into 140 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Outlines of English and American Literature?

Work through the 140 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 140 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #7800, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in Outlines of English and American Literature

Words and structures a reader meets early in Outlines of English and American Literature, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Lesson
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Outlines of English and American Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Invitation
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Outlines of English and American Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sleep
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Outlines of English and American Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Wakened
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Outlines of English and American Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.