Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.
AdeterminerUS /ə/
used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one
From this reading A night, and a day, and a night rejuvenated the tired man and his horse.
able
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair wished him to take a bodyguard of a score or more, but Armstrong pointed out that unless he had an army at his back able to defeat Cromwell’s forces all other assistance was useless.
advice
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair endeavoured to persuade him not to trust himself again on English soil, but his advice was unheeded, as is usually the fate of unasked counsel.
againnounUS /again/
an important story-specific word used in this passage
From this reading Traquair endeavoured to persuade him not to trust himself again on English soil, but his advice was unheeded, as is usually the fate of unasked counsel.
all
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair wished him to take a bodyguard of a score or more, but Armstrong pointed out that unless he had an army at his back able to defeat Cromwell’s forces all other assistance was useless.
andeterminerUS /æn/
the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound
From this reading Traquair wished him to take a bodyguard of a score or more, but Armstrong pointed out that unless he had an army at his back able to defeat Cromwell’s forces all other assistance was useless.
andconjunctionUS /ənd/
used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together
From this reading A night, and a day, and a night rejuvenated the tired man and his horse.
Armstrong
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
army
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair wished him to take a bodyguard of a score or more, but Armstrong pointed out that unless he had an army at his back able to defeat Cromwell’s forces all other assistance was useless.
asconjunctionUS /æz/
at the same time that; because; in the way that
From this reading Traquair endeavoured to persuade him not to trust himself again on English soil, but his advice was unheeded, as is usually the fate of unasked counsel.
assistance
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair wished him to take a bodyguard of a score or more, but Armstrong pointed out that unless he had an army at his back able to defeat Cromwell’s forces all other assistance was useless.
atprepositionUS /æt/
in or near a particular place or position
From this reading Traquair wished him to take a bodyguard of a score or more, but Armstrong pointed out that unless he had an army at his back able to defeat Cromwell’s forces all other assistance was useless.
attired
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
back
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair wished him to take a bodyguard of a score or more, but Armstrong pointed out that unless he had an army at his back able to defeat Cromwell’s forces all other assistance was useless.
beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/
the past participle of “be”
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/
earlier than; in front of
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
belief
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading He risked everything upon his belief in Cromwell’s common sense, and from this position nothing Traquair said could turn him.
bodyguard
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair wished him to take a bodyguard of a score or more, but Armstrong pointed out that unless he had an army at his back able to defeat Cromwell’s forces all other assistance was useless.
Borderer
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
butconjunctionUS /bʌt/
used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
case
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
Castle
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
Clothed
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
common
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading He risked everything upon his belief in Cromwell’s common sense, and from this position nothing Traquair said could turn him.
couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/
the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests
From this reading He risked everything upon his belief in Cromwell’s common sense, and from this position nothing Traquair said could turn him.
counsel
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair endeavoured to persuade him not to trust himself again on English soil, but his advice was unheeded, as is usually the fate of unasked counsel.
Cromwell's
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair wished him to take a bodyguard of a score or more, but Armstrong pointed out that unless he had an army at his back able to defeat Cromwell’s forces all other assistance was useless.
day
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading A night, and a day, and a night rejuvenated the tired man and his horse.
defeat
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair wished him to take a bodyguard of a score or more, but Armstrong pointed out that unless he had an army at his back able to defeat Cromwell’s forces all other assistance was useless.
endeavoured
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair endeavoured to persuade him not to trust himself again on English soil, but his advice was unheeded, as is usually the fate of unasked counsel.
English
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair endeavoured to persuade him not to trust himself again on English soil, but his advice was unheeded, as is usually the fate of unasked counsel.
evernounUS /ever/
an important story-specific word used in this passage
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
everythingpronounUS /ˈevriθɪŋ/
all things; all of a situation
From this reading He risked everything upon his belief in Cromwell’s common sense, and from this position nothing Traquair said could turn him.
face
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
fate
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair endeavoured to persuade him not to trust himself again on English soil, but his advice was unheeded, as is usually the fate of unasked counsel.
forprepositionUS /fɔːr/
intended to be given to, or used by, somebody
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
forces
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair wished him to take a bodyguard of a score or more, but Armstrong pointed out that unless he had an army at his back able to defeat Cromwell’s forces all other assistance was useless.
fortunenounUS /ˈfortune/
a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
fromprepositionUS /frʌm/
showing where something starts, or who sent it
From this reading He risked everything upon his belief in Cromwell’s common sense, and from this position nothing Traquair said could turn him.
gallant
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/
the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
hepronounUS /hiː/
a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
held
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
himpronounUS /hɪm/
the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/
used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object
From this reading Traquair endeavoured to persuade him not to trust himself again on English soil, but his advice was unheeded, as is usually the fate of unasked counsel.
hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/
belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned
From this reading A night, and a day, and a night rejuvenated the tired man and his horse.
horse
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading A night, and a day, and a night rejuvenated the tired man and his horse.
inprepositionUS /ɪn/
inside something, or within a place, period, or state
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
interested
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/
the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun
From this reading Traquair endeavoured to persuade him not to trust himself again on English soil, but his advice was unheeded, as is usually the fate of unasked counsel.
man
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading A night, and a day, and a night rejuvenated the tired man and his horse.
merely
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
mindnounUS /mind/
an important story-specific word used in this passage
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
more
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
night
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading A night, and a day, and a night rejuvenated the tired man and his horse.
notadverbUS /nɑːt/
used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative
From this reading Traquair endeavoured to persuade him not to trust himself again on English soil, but his advice was unheeded, as is usually the fate of unasked counsel.
nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/
not one thing; not anything
From this reading He risked everything upon his belief in Cromwell’s common sense, and from this position nothing Traquair said could turn him.
occasion
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
ofprepositionUS /ʌv/
belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
onprepositionUS /ɑːn/
touching and supported by a surface
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
once
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/
used to join alternatives or possibilities
From this reading Traquair wished him to take a bodyguard of a score or more, but Armstrong pointed out that unless he had an army at his back able to defeat Cromwell’s forces all other assistance was useless.
other
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair wished him to take a bodyguard of a score or more, but Armstrong pointed out that unless he had an army at his back able to defeat Cromwell’s forces all other assistance was useless.
out
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair wished him to take a bodyguard of a score or more, but Armstrong pointed out that unless he had an army at his back able to defeat Cromwell’s forces all other assistance was useless.
persuade
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair endeavoured to persuade him not to trust himself again on English soil, but his advice was unheeded, as is usually the fate of unasked counsel.
pointed
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair wished him to take a bodyguard of a score or more, but Armstrong pointed out that unless he had an army at his back able to defeat Cromwell’s forces all other assistance was useless.
position
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading He risked everything upon his belief in Cromwell’s common sense, and from this position nothing Traquair said could turn him.
praise
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
ready
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
rejuvenated
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading A night, and a day, and a night rejuvenated the tired man and his horse.
rightnounUS /right/
an important story-specific word used in this passage
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
risked
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading He risked everything upon his belief in Cromwell’s common sense, and from this position nothing Traquair said could turn him.
said
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
scorenounUS /score/
an important story-specific word used in this passage
From this reading Traquair wished him to take a bodyguard of a score or more, but Armstrong pointed out that unless he had an army at his back able to defeat Cromwell’s forces all other assistance was useless.
sense
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading He risked everything upon his belief in Cromwell’s common sense, and from this position nothing Traquair said could turn him.
soconjunctionUS /soʊ/
for that reason; with the result that
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
soil
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair endeavoured to persuade him not to trust himself again on English soil, but his advice was unheeded, as is usually the fate of unasked counsel.
store
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
superbly
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
tailor
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
takenounUS /take/
an important story-specific word used in this passage
From this reading Traquair wished him to take a bodyguard of a score or more, but Armstrong pointed out that unless he had an army at his back able to defeat Cromwell’s forces all other assistance was useless.
thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/
used to introduce the second part of a comparison
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/
used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
thedeterminerUS /ðə/
used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind
From this reading A night, and a day, and a night rejuvenated the tired man and his horse.
thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/
used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
tired
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading A night, and a day, and a night rejuvenated the tired man and his horse.
toparticleUS /tuː/
used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
Traquair
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
trust
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair endeavoured to persuade him not to trust himself again on English soil, but his advice was unheeded, as is usually the fate of unasked counsel.
turn
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading He risked everything upon his belief in Cromwell’s common sense, and from this position nothing Traquair said could turn him.
unasked
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair endeavoured to persuade him not to trust himself again on English soil, but his advice was unheeded, as is usually the fate of unasked counsel.
unheedednounUS /ˈunheeded/
a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage
From this reading Traquair endeavoured to persuade him not to trust himself again on English soil, but his advice was unheeded, as is usually the fate of unasked counsel.
unlessconjunctionUS /ənˈles/
except if; if not
From this reading Traquair wished him to take a bodyguard of a score or more, but Armstrong pointed out that unless he had an army at his back able to defeat Cromwell’s forces all other assistance was useless.
uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/
a formal word for “on”
From this reading He risked everything upon his belief in Cromwell’s common sense, and from this position nothing Traquair said could turn him.
useless
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair wished him to take a bodyguard of a score or more, but Armstrong pointed out that unless he had an army at his back able to defeat Cromwell’s forces all other assistance was useless.
usually
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair endeavoured to persuade him not to trust himself again on English soil, but his advice was unheeded, as is usually the fate of unasked counsel.
wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/
the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
whateverdeterminerUS /ˌwʌˈtevər/
any or all of a kind, it does not matter which
From this reading Clothed and in his right mind he was once more the gallant Borderer, ready to face whatever fortune had in store for him; on this occasion, so Traquair said, more superbly attired than ever had been the case before; but Armstrong held that this was merely interested praise of the Castle tailor.
wished
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Traquair wished him to take a bodyguard of a score or more, but Armstrong pointed out that unless he had an army at his back able to defeat Cromwell’s forces all other assistance was useless.