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Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857
Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857 is here in full — 71 sentences across 15 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857
Context Illustration Reading 1/14 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.
The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.
Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.
The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.
At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857 is here in full — 71 sentences across 15 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/14 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.
Line 2
The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.
Line 3
Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.
Line 4
The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.
/ðə hoʊl ʌv ðə ˈterɪtɔːri ʌv ðə juːˈnaɪtɪd steɪts ðen nɔːrθ ʌv nəˈbræskə wɑːz wɪˈθaʊt ˈeni ˈliːɡəl neɪm ɔːr ˌdezəɡˈneɪʃən æt liːst ðer wɜːr noʊ sʌtʃ ˈterətɔːriz æz dəˈkoʊtə ɔːr mɑːnˈtænə ʃoʊn ɑːn ðə mæps/
Line 5
At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

annuities noun US /əˈnuːɪtiz/

plural of “annuity” — income from capital investment paid in a series of regular payments

From this reading “The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.”

Blackfoot noun US /ˈblækfʊt/

a member of a warlike group of Algonquians living in the northwestern plains

From this reading “The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.”

chartered adjective US /ˈtʃɑːrtərd/

hired for the exclusive temporary use of a group of travelers

From this reading “The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.”

Dakota noun US /dəˈkoʊtə/

a member of the Siouan people of the northern Mississippi valley; commonly called the Sioux

From this reading “The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.”

designation noun US /ˌdezəɡˈneɪʃən/

identifying word or words by which someone or something is called and classified or distinguished from others

From this reading “The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.”

Nebraska noun US /nəˈbræskə/

a midwestern state on the Great Plains

From this reading “The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.”

replenish verb US /riˈplenɪʃ/

fill something that had previously been emptied

From this reading “At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.”

treaties noun US /ˈtriːtiz/

plural of “treaty” — a written agreement between two states or sovereigns

From this reading “In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

national Government adjective + noun

In this reading “In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.”

many years adjective + noun

In this reading “At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.”

along the river preposition + article + noun counted as “along … river”

In this reading “At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.”

consisted of verb + particle counted as “consist of”

In this reading “Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.”

at the base preposition + article + noun counted as “at … base”

In this reading “The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.”

in the country preposition + article + noun counted as “in … country”

In this reading “The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.”

All words in this reading · 118

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1858

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

affairsnounUS /əˈferz/

matters of personal concern

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

alongprepositionUS /əˈlɔːŋ/

following the length of something from one end toward the other

From this reading Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.

AmericannounUS /əˈmerəkən/

a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

annuallyadverbUS /ˈænjuːəli/

without missing a year

From this reading In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.

annuitiesnounUS /əˈnuːɪtiz/

plural of “annuity” — income from capital investment paid in a series of regular payments

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.

aroundprepositionUS /ərˈaʊnd/

surrounding, or on every side of, something

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

basenounUS /beɪs/

installation from which a military force initiates operations

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.

beginningnounUS /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/

the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

BentonnounUS /ˈbentən/

United States artist whose paintings portrayed life in the Midwest and South (1889-1975)

From this reading Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.

BlackfootnounUS /ˈblækfʊt/

a member of a warlike group of Algonquians living in the northwestern plains

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

boatnounUS /boʊt/

a small vessel for travel on water

From this reading Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

cargonounUS /ˈkɑːrɡoʊ/

goods carried by a large vehicle

From this reading Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.

charteredadjectiveUS /ˈtʃɑːrtərd/

hired for the exclusive temporary use of a group of travelers

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

Chouteaus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.

CompanynounUS /ˈkʌmpəniː/

an institution created to conduct business

From this reading Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.

concernnounUS /kənˈsɜːrn/

something that interests you because it is important or affects you

From this reading Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.

consignments

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.

consistedverbUS /kənˈsɪstəd/

past form of “consist” — originate

From this reading Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.

controlledadjectiveUS /kənˈtroʊld/

restrained or managed or kept within certain bounds

From this reading At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

DakotanounUS /dəˈkoʊtə/

a member of the Siouan people of the northern Mississippi valley; commonly called the Sioux

From this reading The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.

designationnounUS /ˌdezəɡˈneɪʃən/

identifying word or words by which someone or something is called and classified or distinguished from others

From this reading The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.

drainedadjectiveUS /dreɪnd/

emptied or exhausted of (as by drawing off e.g. water or other liquid)

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

endingnounUS /ˈendɪŋ/

the end of a word (a suffix or inflectional ending or final morpheme)

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

establishedadjectiveUS /ɪˈstæblɪʃt/

brought about or set up or accepted; especially long established

From this reading Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.

existingadjectiveUS /ɪɡˈzɪstɪŋ/

presently existing

From this reading In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.

FortnounUS /fɔːrt/

a fortified military post where troops are stationed

From this reading Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.

FrostnounUS /frɔːst/

ice crystals forming a white deposit (especially on objects outside)

From this reading Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.

FurnounUS /fɜːr/

the dressed hairy coat of a mammal

From this reading At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.

fur-trading

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.

GovernmentnounUS /ˈɡʌvərmənt/

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.

headquartersnounUS /ˈhedkwɔːrtərz/

(usually plural) the office that serves as the administrative center of an enterprise

From this reading Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.

IndianadjectiveUS /ˈɪndiən/

of or relating to or characteristic of India or the East Indies or their peoples or languages or cultures

From this reading In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.

largeadjectiveUS /lɑːrdʒ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.

legaladjectiveUS /ˈliːɡəl/

established by or founded upon law or official or accepted rules

From this reading The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.

loadnounUS /loʊd/

weight to be borne or conveyed

From this reading At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.

LouisnounUS /ˈluːɪs/

United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion for 12 years (1914-1981)

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

mainlyadverbUS /ˈmeɪnli/

for the most part

From this reading At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.

mapsnounUS /mæps/

plural of “map” — a diagrammatic representation of the earth's surface (or part of it)

From this reading The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.

merchandisenounUS /ˈmɜːrtʃəndaɪz/

commodities offered for sale

From this reading In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.

MissourinounUS /məˈzʊri/

a midwestern state in central United States; a border state during the American Civil War, Missouri was admitted to the Confederacy without actually seceding from the Union

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

MontananounUS /mɑːnˈtænə/

a state in northwestern United States on the Canadian border

From this reading The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.

MountainsnounUS /ˈmaʊntənz/

plural of “mountain” — a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.

nationaladjectiveUS /ˈnæʃənəl/

of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country

From this reading In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.

NearlyadverbUS /ˈnɪrli/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.

NebraskanounUS /nəˈbræskə/

a midwestern state on the Great Plains

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.

northnounUS /nɔːrθ/

the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.

officenounUS /ˈɔːfɪs/

place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

Omahas

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.

one-halfnoun

one of two equal parts of a divisible whole

From this reading Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.

postsnounUS /poʊsts/

plural of “post” — the position where someone (as a guard or sentry) stands or is assigned to stand

From this reading Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.

replenishverbUS /riˈplenɪʃ/

fill something that had previously been emptied

From this reading At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.

rivernounUS /ˈrɪvər/

a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.

RockyadjectiveUS /ˈrɑːki/

abounding in rocks or stones

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

sentnounUS /sent/

100 senti equal 1 kroon in Estonia

From this reading In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.

shownverbUS /ʃoʊn/

inflected form of “show” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.

sourcesnounUS /ˈsɔːrsəz/

plural of “source” — the place where something begins, where it springs into being

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

St

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

StatesnounUS /steɪts/

plural of “state” — the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.

steamboatnounUS /ˈstiːmboʊt/

a boat propelled by a steam engine

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

stocksnounUS /stɑːks/

a frame that supports a boat while it is under construction

From this reading At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.

superintendentnounUS /ˌsuːpərənˈtendənt/

a person who directs and manages an organization

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

territoriesnounUS /ˈterətɔːriz/

plural of “territory” — a region marked off for administrative or other purposes

From this reading The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.

territorynounUS /ˈterɪtɔːri/

a region marked off for administrative or other purposes

From this reading The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.

ToddnounUS /tɑːd/

Scottish chemist noted for his research into the structure of nucleic acids (born in 1907)

From this reading Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.

tradingnounUS /ˈtreɪdɪŋ/

buying or selling securities or commodities

From this reading Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.

transportnounUS /trænˈspɔːrt/

something that serves as a means of transportation

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

treatiesnounUS /ˈtriːtiz/

plural of “treaty” — a written agreement between two states or sovereigns

From this reading In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.

tribesnounUS /traɪbz/

plural of “tribe” — a social division of (usually preliterate) people

From this reading In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.

UnitedadjectiveUS /juːˈnaɪtɪd/

characterized by unity; being or joined into a single entity

From this reading The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.

westernadjectiveUS /ˈwestərn/

relating to or characteristic of the western parts of the world or the West as opposed to the eastern or oriental parts

From this reading In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.

wholeadjectiveUS /hoʊl/

including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete

From this reading The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.

whosedeterminerUS /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

Winnebagoes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The superintendent of Indian affairs, whose office was in St. Louis, chartered a steamboat to transport these annuities to all the tribes in the country drained by the Missouri--beginning with the Omahas and Winnebagoes in Nebraska and ending with the Blackfoot, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, around the sources of the Missouri.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading In 1858, under existing treaties with the western Indian tribes, the national Government sent out to them annually large consignments of merchandise.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading The whole of the territory of the United States then north of Nebraska was without any legal name or designation; at least there were no such territories as Dakota or Montana shown on the maps.

Yankton

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nearly one-half of the cargo of this boat, however, consisted of the trading merchandise of Frost, Todd & Company, a fur-trading concern, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, and whose trading posts were established along the Missouri from Yankton to Fort Benton.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading At that time, and for many years before, a steamboat load of merchandise was sent up as far as Fort Benton by the American Fur Company, having its headquarters also in St. Louis, and controlled mainly by the Chouteaus, to replenish the stocks of their trading posts along the river.

Chapter 2 of Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857 by William Barclay Napton holds 71 sentences, grouped into 15 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857 contain?

Chapter 2 holds 71 sentences of Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857, unabridged, divided into 15 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857 by William Barclay Napton exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 71 sentences, grouped into 15 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857?

Work through the 15 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 15 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857

Common questions about reading Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857 by William Barclay Napton on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857?

Yes. All 782 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #72461 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #72461, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857 take to read?

About 65 minutes of reading across 157 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857 section by section

How to work through Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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Vocabulary met early in Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857

Words and structures a reader meets early in Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Napton
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Franklin
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Hudson
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Publishing
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Over the Santa Fé Trail, 1857; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.