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Palaces and prisons
Palaces and prisons

Chapter XX · A Determined Benefactor

Chapter XX of Palaces and prisons, “A Determined Benefactor,” is here in full — 184 sentences across 37 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/36 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The Count De Mirabeau had just come in from an exciting debate at the club.
This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.
Marie Antoinette’s rejection of his advances had plunged him deeper and deeper into the abysses of popular favor.
But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.
That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Palaces and prisons

Chapter XX · A Determined Benefactor

Chapter XX of Palaces and prisons, “A Determined Benefactor,” is here in full — 184 sentences across 37 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/36 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The Count De Mirabeau had just come in from an exciting debate at the club.
Line 2
This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.
Line 3
Marie Antoinette’s rejection of his advances had plunged him deeper and deeper into the abysses of popular favor.
Line 4
But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.
Line 5
That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

brutalize verb US /ˈbruːtəlaɪz/

treat brutally

From this reading “This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.”

demagogue noun US /ˈdeməɡɑːɡ/

a political leader who seeks support by appealing to popular passions and prejudices

From this reading “But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.”

monarchy noun US /ˈmɑːnɑːrki/

an autocracy governed by a monarch who usually inherits the authority

From this reading “But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.”

rejection noun US /rɪˈdʒekʃən/

the act of rejecting something

From this reading “Marie Antoinette’s rejection of his advances had plunged him deeper and deeper into the abysses of popular favor.”

restive adjective US /ˈrestɪv/

being in a tense state

From this reading “That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.”

rudest adjective US /ˈruːdəst/

superlative of “rude” — socially incorrect in behavior

From this reading “That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.”

strata noun US /ˈstrætə/

plural of “stratum” — one of several parallel layers of material arranged one on top of another (such as a layer of tissue or cells in an organism or a layer of sedimentary rock)

From this reading “This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.”

unaided adjective US /əˈneɪdɪd/

carried out without aid or assistance

From this reading “That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

certain extent adjective + noun

In this reading “This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.”

noble birth adjective + noun

In this reading “This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.”

civilized life adjective + noun

In this reading “This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.”

cast off verb + particle

get rid of

In this reading “This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.”

great powers adjective + noun counted as “great power”

a state powerful enough to influence events throughout the world

In this reading “That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.”

at the club preposition + article + noun counted as “at … club”

In this reading “The Count De Mirabeau had just come in from an exciting debate at the club.”

frame of verb + particle

In this reading “That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.”

All words in this reading · 112

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

abysses

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Marie Antoinette’s rejection of his advances had plunged him deeper and deeper into the abysses of popular favor.

advancesnounUS /ədˈvænsəz/

plural of “advance” — a movement forward

From this reading Marie Antoinette’s rejection of his advances had plunged him deeper and deeper into the abysses of popular favor.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading The Count De Mirabeau had just come in from an exciting debate at the club.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Marie Antoinette’s rejection of his advances had plunged him deeper and deeper into the abysses of popular favor.

Antoinette's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Marie Antoinette’s rejection of his advances had plunged him deeper and deeper into the abysses of popular favor.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The Count De Mirabeau had just come in from an exciting debate at the club.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

birthnounUS /bɜːrθ/

the time when something begins (especially life)

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

bringingnounUS /ˈbrɪŋɪŋ/

the act of delivering or distributing something (as goods or mail)

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

brutalizeverbUS /ˈbruːtəlaɪz/

treat brutally

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

castverbUS /kæst/

put or send forth

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

certainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

changedadjectiveUS /tʃeɪndʒd/

made or become different in nature or form

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

civilizedadjectiveUS /ˈsɪvəlaɪzd/

having a high state of culture and development both social and technological

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

clamorousadjective

conspicuously and offensively loud; given to vehement outcry

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

clubnounUS /klʌb/

a team of professional baseball players who play and travel together

From this reading The Count De Mirabeau had just come in from an exciting debate at the club.

coarsenessnoun

language or humor that is down-to-earth

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

coarsest

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

comeverbUS /kʌm/

move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading The Count De Mirabeau had just come in from an exciting debate at the club.

CountverbUS /kaʊnt/

determine the number or amount of

From this reading The Count De Mirabeau had just come in from an exciting debate at the club.

crowdverbUS /kraʊd/

cause to herd, drive, or crowd together

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

DenounUS /diː/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading The Count De Mirabeau had just come in from an exciting debate at the club.

debateverbUS /dəˈbeɪt/

argue with one another

From this reading The Count De Mirabeau had just come in from an exciting debate at the club.

deeperadverbUS /ˈdiːpər/

comparative of “deeply” — to a great depth psychologically or emotionally

From this reading Marie Antoinette’s rejection of his advances had plunged him deeper and deeper into the abysses of popular favor.

demagoguenounUS /ˈdeməɡɑːɡ/

a political leader who seeks support by appealing to popular passions and prejudices

From this reading But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.

disgustverbUS /dɪsˈɡʌst/

fill with distaste

From this reading But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

excitedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈsaɪtəd/

(of persons) excessively affected by emotion

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

excitingadjectiveUS /ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ/

creating or arousing excitement

From this reading The Count De Mirabeau had just come in from an exciting debate at the club.

extentnounUS /ɪkˈstent/

the point or degree to which something extends

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

favorverbUS /ˈfeɪvər/

promote over another

From this reading Marie Antoinette’s rejection of his advances had plunged him deeper and deeper into the abysses of popular favor.

favoritenounUS /ˈfeɪvərɪt/

something regarded with special favor or liking

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

filledadjectiveUS /fɪld/

(usually followed by “with” or used as a combining form) generously supplied with

From this reading But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

foster-brothernoun

your foster brother is a male who is not a son of your parents but who is raised by your parents

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

frameverbUS /freɪm/

enclose in or as if in a frame

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The Count De Mirabeau had just come in from an exciting debate at the club.

geniusnounUS /ˈdʒiːnjəs/

someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The Count De Mirabeau had just come in from an exciting debate at the club.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

homagenounUS /ˈɑːmədʒ/

respectful deference

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The Count De Mirabeau had just come in from an exciting debate at the club.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Marie Antoinette’s rejection of his advances had plunged him deeper and deeper into the abysses of popular favor.

justadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading The Count De Mirabeau had just come in from an exciting debate at the club.

knewverbUS /nuː/

inflected form of “know” — be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

leadernounUS /ˈliːdər/

a person who rules or guides or inspires others

From this reading But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.

levelnounUS /ˈlevəl/

a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

lowestadjectiveUS /ˈloʊəst/

lowest in rank or importance

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

Marie

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Marie Antoinette’s rejection of his advances had plunged him deeper and deeper into the abysses of popular favor.

mindnounUS /maɪnd/

The element of a person that enables awareness and thought.

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

Mirabeaunoun

French revolutionary who was prominent in the early days of the French Revolution (1749-1791)

From this reading The Count De Mirabeau had just come in from an exciting debate at the club.

mobnounUS /mɑːb/

a disorderly crowd of people

From this reading But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.

monarchynounUS /ˈmɑːnɑːrki/

an autocracy governed by a monarch who usually inherits the authority

From this reading But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.

naturaladjectiveUS /ˈnætʃərəl/

in accordance with nature; relating to or concerning nature

From this reading But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.

naturenounUS /ˈneɪtʃər/

the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

nightnounUS /naɪt/

the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

nobleadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊbəl/

impressive in appearance

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

offadverbUS /ɔːf/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

particularadjectiveUS /pərˈtɪkjələr/

unique or specific to a person or thing or category

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

passionsnounUS /ˈpæʃənz/

plural of “passion” — a strong feeling or emotion

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

placesnounUS /ˈpleɪsəz/

plural of “place” — a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

plungedverbUS /plʌndʒd/

past form of “plunge” — thrust or throw into

From this reading Marie Antoinette’s rejection of his advances had plunged him deeper and deeper into the abysses of popular favor.

popularadjectiveUS /ˈpɑːpjələr/

regarded with great favor, approval, or affection especially by the general public

From this reading Marie Antoinette’s rejection of his advances had plunged him deeper and deeper into the abysses of popular favor.

possessverbUS /pəˈzes/

have as an attribute, knowledge, or skill

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.

powersnounUS /ˈpaʊərz/

plural of “power” — possession of controlling influence

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

ratheradverbUS /ˈræðər/

on the contrary

From this reading But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.

rejectionnounUS /rɪˈdʒekʃən/

the act of rejecting something

From this reading Marie Antoinette’s rejection of his advances had plunged him deeper and deeper into the abysses of popular favor.

restiveadjectiveUS /ˈrestɪv/

being in a tense state

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

revoltnounUS /rɪˈvoʊlt/

organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another

From this reading But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.

rudestadjectiveUS /ˈruːdəst/

superlative of “rude” — socially incorrect in behavior

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

saviournoun

a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity (circa 4 BC - AD 29)

From this reading But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

sometimesadverbUS /səmˈtaɪmz/

on certain occasions or in certain cases but not always

From this reading But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.

splendidadjectiveUS /ˈsplendɪd/

having great beauty and splendor

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

stratanounUS /ˈstrætə/

plural of “stratum” — one of several parallel layers of material arranged one on top of another (such as a layer of tissue or cells in an organism or a layer of sedimentary rock)

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

strivingnounUS /ˈstraɪvɪŋ/

an effortful attempt to attain a goal

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.

ThatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The Count De Mirabeau had just come in from an exciting debate at the club.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

unaidedadjectiveUS /əˈneɪdɪd/

carried out without aid or assistance

From this reading That particular night the count was in a restive frame of mind; by bringing out the very coarsest powers of his nature he had excited the crowd that day into the most clamorous homage—homage that never would have been given to the splendid genius and great powers that he knew himself to possess, unaided by the rudest and lowest passions.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading This man seemed to have changed places with his foster-brother; for while one had, to a certain extent, cast off the coarseness which made him a favorite of the people, the man of noble birth had been striving to brutalize himself down to a level with the lowest strata of civilized life.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading But there was a natural revolt in all this; Mirabeau would much rather have been the saviour of monarchy than the leader of the mob, and his very power as a demagogue sometimes filled him with disgust.

Chapter 20 of Palaces and prisons by Ann S. (Ann Sophia) Stephens holds 184 sentences, grouped into 37 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 20 of Palaces and prisons contain?

Chapter 20 holds 184 sentences of Palaces and prisons, unabridged, divided into 37 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 20 of Palaces and prisons by Ann S. (Ann Sophia) Stephens exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 184 sentences, grouped into 37 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 20 of Palaces and prisons?

Work through the 37 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 37 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 20 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Palaces and prisons

Common questions about reading Palaces and prisons by Ann S. (Ann Sophia) Stephens on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Palaces and prisons?

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Vocabulary met early in Palaces and prisons

Words and structures a reader meets early in Palaces and prisons, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
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Chapter 3
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