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Past and Present
Past and Present

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Past and Present is here in full — 119 sentences across 24 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/23 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!
Such a Sphinx is this Life of ours, to all men and societies of men.
Nature, like the Sphinx, is of womanly celestial loveliness and tenderness; the face and bosom of a goddess, but ending in claws and the body of a lioness.
There is in her a celestial beauty,-- which means celestial order, pliancy to wisdom; but there is also a darkness, a ferocity, fatality, which are infernal.
She is a goddess, but one not yet disimprisoned; one still half-imprisoned,--the inarticulate, lovely still encased in the inarticulate, chaotic.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Past and Present

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Past and Present is here in full — 119 sentences across 24 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/23 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!
Line 2
Such a Sphinx is this Life of ours, to all men and societies of men.
/sʌtʃ ə sfɪŋks ɪz ðɪs laɪf ʌv ˈaʊərz tuː ɔːl men ənd səˈsaɪətiz ʌv men/
Line 3
Nature, like the Sphinx, is of womanly celestial loveliness and tenderness; the face and bosom of a goddess, but ending in claws and the body of a lioness.
Line 4
There is in her a celestial beauty,-- which means celestial order, pliancy to wisdom; but there is also a darkness, a ferocity, fatality, which are infernal.
Line 5
She is a goddess, but one not yet disimprisoned; one still half-imprisoned,--the inarticulate, lovely still encased in the inarticulate, chaotic.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

chaotic adjective US /keɪˈɑːtɪk/

lacking a visible order or organization

From this reading “She is a goddess, but one not yet disimprisoned; one still half-imprisoned,--the inarticulate, lovely still encased in the inarticulate, chaotic.”

encased adjective US /enˈkeɪst/

covered or protected with or as if with a case

From this reading “She is a goddess, but one not yet disimprisoned; one still half-imprisoned,--the inarticulate, lovely still encased in the inarticulate, chaotic.”

Fable noun US /ˈfeɪbəl/

a deliberately false or improbable account

From this reading “How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!”

fatality noun US /fəˈtælɪti/

a death resulting from an accident or a disaster

From this reading “There is in her a celestial beauty,-- which means celestial order, pliancy to wisdom; but there is also a darkness, a ferocity, fatality, which are infernal.”

ferocity noun US /fərˈɑːsəti/

the property of being wild or turbulent

From this reading “There is in her a celestial beauty,-- which means celestial order, pliancy to wisdom; but there is also a darkness, a ferocity, fatality, which are infernal.”

inarticulate adjective US /ˌɪnɑːrˈtɪkjələt/

without or deprived of the use of speech or words

From this reading “She is a goddess, but one not yet disimprisoned; one still half-imprisoned,--the inarticulate, lovely still encased in the inarticulate, chaotic.”

societies noun US /səˈsaɪətiz/

plural of “society” — an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization

From this reading “Such a Sphinx is this Life of ours, to all men and societies of men.”

Sphinx noun US /sfɪŋks/

an inscrutable person who keeps his thoughts and intentions secret

From this reading “How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!”

All words in this reading · 75

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Such a Sphinx is this Life of ours, to all men and societies of men.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Such a Sphinx is this Life of ours, to all men and societies of men.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading There is in her a celestial beauty,-- which means celestial order, pliancy to wisdom; but there is also a darkness, a ferocity, fatality, which are infernal.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Such a Sphinx is this Life of ours, to all men and societies of men.

answerverbUS /ˈænsər/

react verbally

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading There is in her a celestial beauty,-- which means celestial order, pliancy to wisdom; but there is also a darkness, a ferocity, fatality, which are infernal.

beautynounUS /ˈbjuːti/

the qualities that give pleasure to the senses

From this reading There is in her a celestial beauty,-- which means celestial order, pliancy to wisdom; but there is also a darkness, a ferocity, fatality, which are infernal.

bodynounUS /ˈbɑːdi/

the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading Nature, like the Sphinx, is of womanly celestial loveliness and tenderness; the face and bosom of a goddess, but ending in claws and the body of a lioness.

bosomnounUS /ˈbʊzəm/

the chest considered as the place where secret thoughts are kept

From this reading Nature, like the Sphinx, is of womanly celestial loveliness and tenderness; the face and bosom of a goddess, but ending in claws and the body of a lioness.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Nature, like the Sphinx, is of womanly celestial loveliness and tenderness; the face and bosom of a goddess, but ending in claws and the body of a lioness.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

celestialadjectiveUS /səˈlestʃəl/

of or relating to the sky

From this reading Nature, like the Sphinx, is of womanly celestial loveliness and tenderness; the face and bosom of a goddess, but ending in claws and the body of a lioness.

chaoticadjectiveUS /keɪˈɑːtɪk/

lacking a visible order or organization

From this reading She is a goddess, but one not yet disimprisoned; one still half-imprisoned,--the inarticulate, lovely still encased in the inarticulate, chaotic.

clawsnounUS /klɔːz/

plural of “claw” — sharp curved horny process on the toe of a bird or some mammals or reptiles

From this reading Nature, like the Sphinx, is of womanly celestial loveliness and tenderness; the face and bosom of a goddess, but ending in claws and the body of a lioness.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

darknessnounUS /ˈdɑːrknəs/

absence of light or illumination

From this reading There is in her a celestial beauty,-- which means celestial order, pliancy to wisdom; but there is also a darkness, a ferocity, fatality, which are infernal.

destroyedadjectiveUS /dɪˈstrɔɪd/

spoiled or ruined or demolished

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

disimprisoned

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading She is a goddess, but one not yet disimprisoned; one still half-imprisoned,--the inarticulate, lovely still encased in the inarticulate, chaotic.

encasedadjectiveUS /enˈkeɪst/

covered or protected with or as if with a case

From this reading She is a goddess, but one not yet disimprisoned; one still half-imprisoned,--the inarticulate, lovely still encased in the inarticulate, chaotic.

endingnounUS /ˈendɪŋ/

the end of a word (a suffix or inflectional ending or final morpheme)

From this reading Nature, like the Sphinx, is of womanly celestial loveliness and tenderness; the face and bosom of a goddess, but ending in claws and the body of a lioness.

examplenounUS /ɪɡˈzæmpəl/

an item of information that is typical of a class or group

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

FablenounUS /ˈfeɪbəl/

a deliberately false or improbable account

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

facenounUS /feɪs/

the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear

From this reading Nature, like the Sphinx, is of womanly celestial loveliness and tenderness; the face and bosom of a goddess, but ending in claws and the body of a lioness.

fatalitynounUS /fəˈtælɪti/

a death resulting from an accident or a disaster

From this reading There is in her a celestial beauty,-- which means celestial order, pliancy to wisdom; but there is also a darkness, a ferocity, fatality, which are infernal.

ferocitynounUS /fərˈɑːsəti/

the property of being wild or turbulent

From this reading There is in her a celestial beauty,-- which means celestial order, pliancy to wisdom; but there is also a darkness, a ferocity, fatality, which are infernal.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

goddessnounUS /ˈɡɑːdəs/

a female deity

From this reading Nature, like the Sphinx, is of womanly celestial loveliness and tenderness; the face and bosom of a goddess, but ending in claws and the body of a lioness.

half-imprisoned

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading She is a goddess, but one not yet disimprisoned; one still half-imprisoned,--the inarticulate, lovely still encased in the inarticulate, chaotic.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

How

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Nature, like the Sphinx, is of womanly celestial loveliness and tenderness; the face and bosom of a goddess, but ending in claws and the body of a lioness.

inarticulateadjectiveUS /ˌɪnɑːrˈtɪkjələt/

without or deprived of the use of speech or words

From this reading She is a goddess, but one not yet disimprisoned; one still half-imprisoned,--the inarticulate, lovely still encased in the inarticulate, chaotic.

infernaladjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈfɜːrnəl/

characteristic of or resembling Hell

From this reading There is in her a celestial beauty,-- which means celestial order, pliancy to wisdom; but there is also a darkness, a ferocity, fatality, which are infernal.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

LifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading Such a Sphinx is this Life of ours, to all men and societies of men.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading Nature, like the Sphinx, is of womanly celestial loveliness and tenderness; the face and bosom of a goddess, but ending in claws and the body of a lioness.

lionessnoun

a female lion

From this reading Nature, like the Sphinx, is of womanly celestial loveliness and tenderness; the face and bosom of a goddess, but ending in claws and the body of a lioness.

lovelinessnoun

the quality of being good looking and attractive

From this reading Nature, like the Sphinx, is of womanly celestial loveliness and tenderness; the face and bosom of a goddess, but ending in claws and the body of a lioness.

lovelyadjectiveUS /ˈlʌvli/

appealing to the emotions as well as the eye

From this reading She is a goddess, but one not yet disimprisoned; one still half-imprisoned,--the inarticulate, lovely still encased in the inarticulate, chaotic.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading There is in her a celestial beauty,-- which means celestial order, pliancy to wisdom; but there is also a darkness, a ferocity, fatality, which are infernal.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Such a Sphinx is this Life of ours, to all men and societies of men.

NaturenounUS /ˈneɪtʃər/

the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading Nature, like the Sphinx, is of womanly celestial loveliness and tenderness; the face and bosom of a goddess, but ending in claws and the body of a lioness.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading She is a goddess, but one not yet disimprisoned; one still half-imprisoned,--the inarticulate, lovely still encased in the inarticulate, chaotic.

ordernounUS /ˈɔːrdər/

(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed

From this reading There is in her a celestial beauty,-- which means celestial order, pliancy to wisdom; but there is also a darkness, a ferocity, fatality, which are infernal.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

ourspronounUS /ˈaʊərz/

the one or ones belonging to us

From this reading Such a Sphinx is this Life of ours, to all men and societies of men.

passengersnounUS /ˈpæsəndʒərz/

plural of “passenger” — a traveler riding in a vehicle (a boat or bus or car or plane or train etc) who is not operating it

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

pliancynoun

the property of being pliant and flexible

From this reading There is in her a celestial beauty,-- which means celestial order, pliancy to wisdom; but there is also a darkness, a ferocity, fatality, which are infernal.

propounding

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

riddleverbUS /ˈrɪdəl/

pierce with many holes

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

satnounUS /sæt/

the seventh and last day of the week; observed as the Sabbath by Jews and some Christians

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

shepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

societiesnounUS /səˈsaɪətiz/

plural of “society” — an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization

From this reading Such a Sphinx is this Life of ours, to all men and societies of men.

SphinxnounUS /sfɪŋks/

an inscrutable person who keeps his thoughts and intentions secret

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading She is a goddess, but one not yet disimprisoned; one still half-imprisoned,--the inarticulate, lovely still encased in the inarticulate, chaotic.

SuchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Such a Sphinx is this Life of ours, to all men and societies of men.

tendernessnounUS /ˈtendərnəs/

a tendency to express warm and affectionate feeling

From this reading Nature, like the Sphinx, is of womanly celestial loveliness and tenderness; the face and bosom of a goddess, but ending in claws and the body of a lioness.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There is in her a celestial beauty,-- which means celestial order, pliancy to wisdom; but there is also a darkness, a ferocity, fatality, which are infernal.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Such a Sphinx is this Life of ours, to all men and societies of men.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

trueadjectiveUS /truː/

consistent with fact or reality; not false

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

waysidenounUS /ˈweɪsaɪd/

edge of a way or road or path

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading How true, for example, is that other old Fable of the Sphinx, who sat by the wayside, propounding her riddle to the passengers, which if they could not answer she destroyed them!

wisdomnounUS /ˈwɪzdəm/

accumulated knowledge or erudition or enlightenment

From this reading There is in her a celestial beauty,-- which means celestial order, pliancy to wisdom; but there is also a darkness, a ferocity, fatality, which are infernal.

womanlyadjective

befitting or characteristic of a woman especially a mature woman

From this reading Nature, like the Sphinx, is of womanly celestial loveliness and tenderness; the face and bosom of a goddess, but ending in claws and the body of a lioness.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading She is a goddess, but one not yet disimprisoned; one still half-imprisoned,--the inarticulate, lovely still encased in the inarticulate, chaotic.

Chapter 1 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle holds 119 sentences, grouped into 24 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Past and Present contain?

Chapter 1 holds 119 sentences of Past and Present, unabridged, divided into 24 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 119 sentences, grouped into 24 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Past and Present?

Work through the 24 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 24 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Past and Present

Common questions about reading Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Past and Present?

Yes. All 4084 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #13534 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Past and Present is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #13534, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Past and Present take to read?

About 340 minutes of reading across 817 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Past and Present section by section

How to work through Past and Present section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Past and Present to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Past and Present

Words and structures a reader meets early in Past and Present, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Example
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Other
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fable
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sphinx
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.