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Past and Present
Past and Present

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Past and Present is here in full — 69 sentences across 14 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/13 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Abbot Hugo It is true, all things have two faces, a light one and a dark.
It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!
For, alas, the Ideal always has to grow in the Real, and to seek out its bed and board there, often in a very sorry way.
No beautifullest Poet is a Bird-of- Paradise, living on perfumes; sleeping in the aether with outspread wings.
The Heroic, _independent_ of bed and board, is found in Drury Lane Theatre only; to avoid disappointments, let us bear this in mind.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Past and Present

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Past and Present is here in full — 69 sentences across 14 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/13 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Abbot Hugo It is true, all things have two faces, a light one and a dark.
/ˈæbət ˈhjuːɡoʊ ɪt ɪz truː ɔːl θɪŋz hæv tuː ˈfeɪsəz ə laɪt wʌn ənd ə dɑːrk/
Line 2
It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!
/ɪt ɪz truː ɪn θriː ˈsentʃəriz mʌtʃ ˌɪmpərˈfekʃən əˈkjuːmjəleɪts ˈmeni æn aɪˈdiːl məˈnæstɪk ɔːr ˈʌðər ˈʃuːtɪŋ fɔːrθ ˈɪntuː ˈpræktəs æz ɪt kæn ɡroʊz tuː ə streɪndʒ ɪˈnʌf ˌriːˈælətiː ənd wiː hæv tuː æsk wɪð əˈmeɪzmənt ɪz ðɪs jɔːr aɪˈdiːl/
Line 3
For, alas, the Ideal always has to grow in the Real, and to seek out its bed and board there, often in a very sorry way.
/fɔːr əˈlæs ðə aɪˈdiːl ˈɔːlweɪz hæz tuː ɡroʊ ɪn ðə riːl ənd tuː siːk aʊt ɪts bed ənd bɔːrd ðer ˈɔːfən ɪn ə ˈveri ˈsɑːri weɪ/
Line 4
No beautifullest Poet is a Bird-of- Paradise, living on perfumes; sleeping in the aether with outspread wings.
Line 5
The Heroic, _independent_ of bed and board, is found in Drury Lane Theatre only; to avoid disappointments, let us bear this in mind.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Abbot noun US /ˈæbət/

the superior of an abbey of monks

From this reading “Abbot Hugo It is true, all things have two faces, a light one and a dark.”

accumulates verb US /əˈkjuːmjəleɪts/

third-person singular of “accumulate” — get or gather together

From this reading “It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!”

disappointments noun US /dɪsəˈpɔɪntmənts/

plural of “disappointment” — a feeling of dissatisfaction that results when your expectations are not realized

From this reading “The Heroic, _independent_ of bed and board, is found in Drury Lane Theatre only; to avoid disappointments, let us bear this in mind.”

Heroic adjective US /hɪˈroʊɪk/

very imposing or impressive; surpassing the ordinary (especially in size or scale)

From this reading “The Heroic, _independent_ of bed and board, is found in Drury Lane Theatre only; to avoid disappointments, let us bear this in mind.”

Hugo noun US /ˈhjuːɡoʊ/

French poet and novelist and dramatist; leader of the romantic movement in France (1802-1885)

From this reading “Abbot Hugo It is true, all things have two faces, a light one and a dark.”

imperfection noun US /ˌɪmpərˈfekʃən/

the state or an instance of being imperfect

From this reading “It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!”

monastic adjective US /məˈnæstɪk/

of communal life sequestered from the world under religious vows

From this reading “It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!”

perfumes noun US /pərˈfjuːmz/

plural of “perfume” — a distinctive odor that is pleasant

From this reading “No beautifullest Poet is a Bird-of- Paradise, living on perfumes; sleeping in the aether with outspread wings.”

All words in this reading · 87

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Abbot Hugo It is true, all things have two faces, a light one and a dark.

AbbotnounUS /ˈæbət/

the superior of an abbey of monks

From this reading Abbot Hugo It is true, all things have two faces, a light one and a dark.

accumulatesverbUS /əˈkjuːmjəleɪts/

third-person singular of “accumulate” — get or gather together

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

aethernoun

personification of the sky or upper air breathed by the Olympians; son of Erebus and night or of Chaos and darkness

From this reading No beautifullest Poet is a Bird-of- Paradise, living on perfumes; sleeping in the aether with outspread wings.

alasexclamationUS /əˈlæs/

used to show sadness, pity, or regret

From this reading For, alas, the Ideal always has to grow in the Real, and to seek out its bed and board there, often in a very sorry way.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Abbot Hugo It is true, all things have two faces, a light one and a dark.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading For, alas, the Ideal always has to grow in the Real, and to seek out its bed and board there, often in a very sorry way.

amazementnounUS /əˈmeɪzmənt/

the feeling that accompanies something extremely surprising

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Abbot Hugo It is true, all things have two faces, a light one and a dark.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

askverbUS /æsk/

make a request or demand for something to somebody

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

avoidverbUS /əˈvɔɪd/

stay clear from; keep away from; keep out of the way of someone or something

From this reading The Heroic, _independent_ of bed and board, is found in Drury Lane Theatre only; to avoid disappointments, let us bear this in mind.

bearverbUS /ber/

have

From this reading The Heroic, _independent_ of bed and board, is found in Drury Lane Theatre only; to avoid disappointments, let us bear this in mind.

beautifullest

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading No beautifullest Poet is a Bird-of- Paradise, living on perfumes; sleeping in the aether with outspread wings.

bednounUS /bed/

a piece of furniture that provides a place to sleep

From this reading For, alas, the Ideal always has to grow in the Real, and to seek out its bed and board there, often in a very sorry way.

Bird-of

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading No beautifullest Poet is a Bird-of- Paradise, living on perfumes; sleeping in the aether with outspread wings.

boardnounUS /bɔːrd/

a committee having supervisory powers

From this reading For, alas, the Ideal always has to grow in the Real, and to seek out its bed and board there, often in a very sorry way.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

centuriesnounUS /ˈsentʃəriz/

plural of “century” — a period of 100 years

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

darknounUS /dɑːrk/

absence of light or illumination

From this reading Abbot Hugo It is true, all things have two faces, a light one and a dark.

disappointmentsnounUS /dɪsəˈpɔɪntmənts/

plural of “disappointment” — a feeling of dissatisfaction that results when your expectations are not realized

From this reading The Heroic, _independent_ of bed and board, is found in Drury Lane Theatre only; to avoid disappointments, let us bear this in mind.

Drury

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Heroic, _independent_ of bed and board, is found in Drury Lane Theatre only; to avoid disappointments, let us bear this in mind.

enoughnounUS /ɪˈnʌf/

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

facesnounUS /ˈfeɪsəz/

plural of “face” — the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear

From this reading Abbot Hugo It is true, all things have two faces, a light one and a dark.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For, alas, the Ideal always has to grow in the Real, and to seek out its bed and board there, often in a very sorry way.

forthadverbUS /fɔːrθ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading The Heroic, _independent_ of bed and board, is found in Drury Lane Theatre only; to avoid disappointments, let us bear this in mind.

growverbUS /ɡroʊ/

pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become

From this reading For, alas, the Ideal always has to grow in the Real, and to seek out its bed and board there, often in a very sorry way.

growsverbUS /ɡroʊz/

third-person singular of “grow” — pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading For, alas, the Ideal always has to grow in the Real, and to seek out its bed and board there, often in a very sorry way.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Abbot Hugo It is true, all things have two faces, a light one and a dark.

HeroicadjectiveUS /hɪˈroʊɪk/

very imposing or impressive; surpassing the ordinary (especially in size or scale)

From this reading The Heroic, _independent_ of bed and board, is found in Drury Lane Theatre only; to avoid disappointments, let us bear this in mind.

HugonounUS /ˈhjuːɡoʊ/

French poet and novelist and dramatist; leader of the romantic movement in France (1802-1885)

From this reading Abbot Hugo It is true, all things have two faces, a light one and a dark.

IdealadjectiveUS /aɪˈdiːl/

conforming to an ultimate standard of perfection or excellence; embodying an ideal

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

imperfectionnounUS /ˌɪmpərˈfekʃən/

the state or an instance of being imperfect

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

independentadjectiveUS /ˌɪndɪˈpendənt/

free from external control and constraint

From this reading The Heroic, _independent_ of bed and board, is found in Drury Lane Theatre only; to avoid disappointments, let us bear this in mind.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Abbot Hugo It is true, all things have two faces, a light one and a dark.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Abbot Hugo It is true, all things have two faces, a light one and a dark.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading For, alas, the Ideal always has to grow in the Real, and to seek out its bed and board there, often in a very sorry way.

LanenounUS /leɪn/

a narrow way or road

From this reading The Heroic, _independent_ of bed and board, is found in Drury Lane Theatre only; to avoid disappointments, let us bear this in mind.

letauxiliary verbUS /let/

used to make a suggestion or a command including the speaker

From this reading The Heroic, _independent_ of bed and board, is found in Drury Lane Theatre only; to avoid disappointments, let us bear this in mind.

lightadjectiveUS /laɪt/

of comparatively little physical weight or density

From this reading Abbot Hugo It is true, all things have two faces, a light one and a dark.

livingnounUS /ˈlɪvɪŋ/

the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities

From this reading No beautifullest Poet is a Bird-of- Paradise, living on perfumes; sleeping in the aether with outspread wings.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

mindnounUS /maɪnd/

The element of a person that enables awareness and thought.

From this reading The Heroic, _independent_ of bed and board, is found in Drury Lane Theatre only; to avoid disappointments, let us bear this in mind.

monasticadjectiveUS /məˈnæstɪk/

of communal life sequestered from the world under religious vows

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

NodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading No beautifullest Poet is a Bird-of- Paradise, living on perfumes; sleeping in the aether with outspread wings.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The Heroic, _independent_ of bed and board, is found in Drury Lane Theatre only; to avoid disappointments, let us bear this in mind.

oftenadverbUS /ˈɔːfən/

many times at short intervals

From this reading For, alas, the Ideal always has to grow in the Real, and to seek out its bed and board there, often in a very sorry way.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading No beautifullest Poet is a Bird-of- Paradise, living on perfumes; sleeping in the aether with outspread wings.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Abbot Hugo It is true, all things have two faces, a light one and a dark.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading The Heroic, _independent_ of bed and board, is found in Drury Lane Theatre only; to avoid disappointments, let us bear this in mind.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading For, alas, the Ideal always has to grow in the Real, and to seek out its bed and board there, often in a very sorry way.

outspreadadjective

fully extended in width

From this reading No beautifullest Poet is a Bird-of- Paradise, living on perfumes; sleeping in the aether with outspread wings.

ParadisenounUS /ˈperədaɪs/

any place of complete bliss and delight and peace

From this reading No beautifullest Poet is a Bird-of- Paradise, living on perfumes; sleeping in the aether with outspread wings.

perfumesnounUS /pərˈfjuːmz/

plural of “perfume” — a distinctive odor that is pleasant

From this reading No beautifullest Poet is a Bird-of- Paradise, living on perfumes; sleeping in the aether with outspread wings.

PoetnounUS /ˈpoʊət/

a writer of poems (the term is usually reserved for writers of good poetry)

From this reading No beautifullest Poet is a Bird-of- Paradise, living on perfumes; sleeping in the aether with outspread wings.

practicenounUS /ˈpræktəs/

a customary way of operation or behavior

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

RealadjectiveUS /riːl/

being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory

From this reading For, alas, the Ideal always has to grow in the Real, and to seek out its bed and board there, often in a very sorry way.

RealitynounUS /ˌriːˈælətiː/

all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

seekverbUS /siːk/

try to get or reach

From this reading For, alas, the Ideal always has to grow in the Real, and to seek out its bed and board there, often in a very sorry way.

shootingnounUS /ˈʃuːtɪŋ/

the act of firing a projectile

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

sleepingnounUS /ˈsliːpɪŋ/

the state of being asleep

From this reading No beautifullest Poet is a Bird-of- Paradise, living on perfumes; sleeping in the aether with outspread wings.

sorryadjectiveUS /ˈsɑːri/

feeling or expressing regret or sorrow or a sense of loss over something done or undone

From this reading For, alas, the Ideal always has to grow in the Real, and to seek out its bed and board there, often in a very sorry way.

strangeadjectiveUS /streɪndʒ/

being definitely out of the ordinary and unexpected; slightly odd or even a bit weird

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading For, alas, the Ideal always has to grow in the Real, and to seek out its bed and board there, often in a very sorry way.

TheatrenounUS /ˈθiːətər/

a building where theatrical performances or motion-picture shows can be presented

From this reading The Heroic, _independent_ of bed and board, is found in Drury Lane Theatre only; to avoid disappointments, let us bear this in mind.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading For, alas, the Ideal always has to grow in the Real, and to seek out its bed and board there, often in a very sorry way.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading Abbot Hugo It is true, all things have two faces, a light one and a dark.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

trueadjectiveUS /truː/

consistent with fact or reality; not false

From this reading Abbot Hugo It is true, all things have two faces, a light one and a dark.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Abbot Hugo It is true, all things have two faces, a light one and a dark.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The Heroic, _independent_ of bed and board, is found in Drury Lane Theatre only; to avoid disappointments, let us bear this in mind.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading For, alas, the Ideal always has to grow in the Real, and to seek out its bed and board there, often in a very sorry way.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading For, alas, the Ideal always has to grow in the Real, and to seek out its bed and board there, often in a very sorry way.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

wingsnounUS /wɪŋz/

a means of flight or ascent

From this reading No beautifullest Poet is a Bird-of- Paradise, living on perfumes; sleeping in the aether with outspread wings.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

yourdeterminerUS /jɔːr/

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading It is true, in three centuries much imperfection accumulates; many an Ideal, monastic or other, shooting forth into practice as it can, grows to a strange enough Reality; and we have to ask with amazement, Is this your Ideal!

Chapter 8 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle holds 69 sentences, grouped into 14 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Past and Present contain?

Chapter 8 holds 69 sentences of Past and Present, unabridged, divided into 14 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 69 sentences, grouped into 14 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Past and Present?

Work through the 14 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 14 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Past and Present

Common questions about reading Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Past and Present?

Yes. All 4084 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #13534 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Past and Present is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #13534, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Past and Present take to read?

About 340 minutes of reading across 817 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Past and Present section by section

How to work through Past and Present section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Past and Present to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Past and Present

Words and structures a reader meets early in Past and Present, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Example
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Other
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fable
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sphinx
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.