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Past and Present
Past and Present

Chapter XII · Chapter 12

Chapter 12 of Past and Present is here in full — 179 sentences across 36 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/35 · 5 lines
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The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.
Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.
These shall proceed straightway to Waltham; elect the Abbot as they may and can.
Monks are sworn to obedience; must not speak too loud, under penalty of foot-gyves, limbo, and bread and water: yet monks too would know what it is they are obeying.
The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Past and Present

Chapter XII · Chapter 12

Chapter 12 of Past and Present is here in full — 179 sentences across 36 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/35 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.
Line 2
Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.
Line 3
These shall proceed straightway to Waltham; elect the Abbot as they may and can.
Line 4
Monks are sworn to obedience; must not speak too loud, under penalty of foot-gyves, limbo, and bread and water: yet monks too would know what it is they are obeying.
Line 5
The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

assembles verb US /əˈsembəlz/

third-person singular of “assemble” — create by putting components or members together

From this reading “The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.”

hustings noun US /ˈhʌstɪŋz/

the activities involved in political campaigning (especially speech making)

From this reading “The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.”

limbo noun US /ˈlɪmboʊ/

the state of being disregarded or forgotten

From this reading “Monks are sworn to obedience; must not speak too loud, under penalty of foot-gyves, limbo, and bread and water: yet monks too would know what it is they are obeying.”

manipulations noun US /məˌnɪpjəˈleɪʃənz/

plural of “manipulation” — exerting shrewd or devious influence especially for one's own advantage

From this reading “The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.”

moderately adverb US /ˈmɑːdərətli/

to certain extent or degree

From this reading “The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.”

nominates verb US /ˈnɑːməneɪts/

third-person singular of “nominate” — propose as a candidate for some honor

From this reading “The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.”

virtual adjective US /ˈvɜːrtʃuːəl/

being actually such in almost every respect

From this reading “The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.”

voting noun US /ˈvoʊtɪŋ/

a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative

From this reading “The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.”

All words in this reading · 104

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

AbbotnounUS /ˈæbət/

the superior of an abbey of monks

From this reading These shall proceed straightway to Waltham; elect the Abbot as they may and can.

AccordinglyadverbUS /əˈkɔːrdɪŋli/

(sentence connectors) because of the reason given

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

adjuring

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

aimverbUS /eɪm/

point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards

From this reading The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading These shall proceed straightway to Waltham; elect the Abbot as they may and can.

ascertainverbUS /ˌæsərˈteɪn/

establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study

From this reading The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

assemblesverbUS /əˈsembəlz/

third-person singular of “assemble” — create by putting components or members together

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

assentnounUS /əˈsent/

agreement with a statement or proposal to do something

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

ballot-box

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

betteradjectiveUS /ˈbetər/

(comparative of “good”) superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another

From this reading The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

breadnounUS /bred/

food made from dough of flour or meal and usually raised with yeast or baking powder and then baked

From this reading Monks are sworn to obedience; must not speak too loud, under penalty of foot-gyves, limbo, and bread and water: yet monks too would know what it is they are obeying.

BrothernounUS /ˈbrʌðər/

a male with the same parents as someone else

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading These shall proceed straightway to Waltham; elect the Abbot as they may and can.

ChapternounUS /ˈtʃæptər/

a subdivision of a written work; usually numbered and titled

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

charactersnounUS /ˈkærəktərz/

plural of “character” — an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

CommunitynounUS /kəˈmjuːnəti/

a group of people living in a particular local area

From this reading The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

Dennis

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

Edmundsbury

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

electverbUS /ɪˈlekt/

select by a vote for an office or membership

From this reading These shall proceed straightway to Waltham; elect the Abbot as they may and can.

ElectionnounUS /ɪˈlekʃən/

a vote to select the winner of a position or political office

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

esteemedadjectiveUS /ɪˈstiːmd/

having an illustrious reputation; respected

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

foot-gyves

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Monks are sworn to obedience; must not speak too loud, under penalty of foot-gyves, limbo, and bread and water: yet monks too would know what it is they are obeying.

GodnounUS /ɡɑːd/

the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

HugonounUS /ˈhjuːɡoʊ/

French poet and novelist and dramatist; leader of the romantic movement in France (1802-1885)

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

hustingsnounUS /ˈhʌstɪŋz/

the activities involved in political campaigning (especially speech making)

From this reading The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

indeedadverbUS /ˌɪnˈdiːd/

in truth (often tends to intensify)

From this reading The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Monks are sworn to obedience; must not speak too loud, under penalty of foot-gyves, limbo, and bread and water: yet monks too would know what it is they are obeying.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

justlyadverbUS /ˈdʒʌstli/

with honesty

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

knowverbUS /noʊ/

be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading Monks are sworn to obedience; must not speak too loud, under penalty of foot-gyves, limbo, and bread and water: yet monks too would know what it is they are obeying.

limbonounUS /ˈlɪmboʊ/

the state of being disregarded or forgotten

From this reading Monks are sworn to obedience; must not speak too loud, under penalty of foot-gyves, limbo, and bread and water: yet monks too would know what it is they are obeying.

loudadjectiveUS /laʊd/

characterized by or producing sound of great volume or intensity

From this reading Monks are sworn to obedience; must not speak too loud, under penalty of foot-gyves, limbo, and bread and water: yet monks too would know what it is they are obeying.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

manipulationsnounUS /məˌnɪpjəˈleɪʃənz/

plural of “manipulation” — exerting shrewd or devious influence especially for one's own advantage

From this reading The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading These shall proceed straightway to Waltham; elect the Abbot as they may and can.

Medicus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

moderatelyadverbUS /ˈmɑːdərətli/

to certain extent or degree

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

MonksnounUS /mʌŋks/

plural of “monk” — a male religious living in a cloister and devoting himself to contemplation and prayer and work

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading Monks are sworn to obedience; must not speak too loud, under penalty of foot-gyves, limbo, and bread and water: yet monks too would know what it is they are obeying.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

nominatesverbUS /ˈnɑːməneɪts/

third-person singular of “nominate” — propose as a candidate for some honor

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

nosenounUS /noʊz/

the organ of smell and entrance to the respiratory tract; the prominent part of the face of man or other mammals

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

obediencenounUS /oʊˈbiːdiəns/

the act of obeying; dutiful or submissive behavior with respect to another person

From this reading Monks are sworn to obedience; must not speak too loud, under penalty of foot-gyves, limbo, and bread and water: yet monks too would know what it is they are obeying.

obeyingverbUS /oʊˈbeɪɪŋ/

-ing form of “obey” — be obedient to

From this reading Monks are sworn to obedience; must not speak too loud, under penalty of foot-gyves, limbo, and bread and water: yet monks too would know what it is they are obeying.

OfprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

openverbUS /ˈoʊ.pən/

To move from a closed position.

From this reading The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

penaltynounUS /ˈpenəlti/

the act of punishing

From this reading Monks are sworn to obedience; must not speak too loud, under penalty of foot-gyves, limbo, and bread and water: yet monks too would know what it is they are obeying.

PrioradjectiveUS /ˈpraɪər/

earlier in time

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

proceedverbUS /prəˈsiːd/

continue talking

From this reading These shall proceed straightway to Waltham; elect the Abbot as they may and can.

pulse-feelings

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

rednounUS /red/

red color or pigment; the chromatic color resembling the hue of blood

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

Sacrista

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

SamsonnounUS /ˈsæmsən/

(Old Testament) a judge of Israel who performed herculean feats of strength against the Philistines until he was betrayed to them by his mistress Delilah

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

satisfactoryadjectiveUS /ˌsætəˈsfæktri/

giving satisfaction

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

selectionnounUS /səˈlekʃən/

the act of choosing or selecting

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

shallmodal verbUS /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

From this reading These shall proceed straightway to Waltham; elect the Abbot as they may and can.

speakverbUS /spiːk/

express in speech

From this reading Monks are sworn to obedience; must not speak too loud, under penalty of foot-gyves, limbo, and bread and water: yet monks too would know what it is they are obeying.

St

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

straightwayadverb

at once

From this reading These shall proceed straightway to Waltham; elect the Abbot as they may and can.

struggleverbUS /ˈstrʌɡəl/

make a strenuous or labored effort

From this reading The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

Subsacrista

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

succeedverbUS /səkˈsiːd/

attain success or reach a desired goal

From this reading The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

swornadjectiveUS /swɔːrn/

bound by or as if by an oath

From this reading Monks are sworn to obedience; must not speak too loud, under penalty of foot-gyves, limbo, and bread and water: yet monks too would know what it is they are obeying.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

ThesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading These shall proceed straightway to Waltham; elect the Abbot as they may and can.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading These shall proceed straightway to Waltham; elect the Abbot as they may and can.

Third-Prior

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

TwelvenounUS /twelv/

the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Monks are sworn to obedience; must not speak too loud, under penalty of foot-gyves, limbo, and bread and water: yet monks too would know what it is they are obeying.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

vagueadjectiveUS /veɪɡ/

not clearly expressed or understood

From this reading The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

variousadjectiveUS /ˈveriəs/

of many different kinds purposefully arranged but lacking any uniformity

From this reading The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

venerableadjectiveUS /ˈvenərəbəl/

impressive by reason of age

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

virtualadjectiveUS /ˈvɜːrtʃuːəl/

being actually such in almost every respect

From this reading The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

votingnounUS /ˈvoʊtɪŋ/

a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative

From this reading The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

WalternounUS /ˈwɔːltər/

German conductor (1876-1962)

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

Waltham

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These shall proceed straightway to Waltham; elect the Abbot as they may and can.

waternounUS /ˈwɔːtər/

binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent

From this reading Monks are sworn to obedience; must not speak too loud, under penalty of foot-gyves, limbo, and bread and water: yet monks too would know what it is they are obeying.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Monks are sworn to obedience; must not speak too loud, under penalty of foot-gyves, limbo, and bread and water: yet monks too would know what it is they are obeying.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

Willelmus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Of whom are Hugo Third-Prior, Brother Dennis a venerable man, Walter the _Medicus,_ Samson _Subsacrista,_ and other esteemed characters,-- though Willelmus _Sacrista,_ of the red nose, too is one.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

worseadjectiveUS /wɜːrs/

(comparative of “bad”) inferior to another in quality or condition or desirability

From this reading The St. Edmundsbury Community has no hustings, ballot-box, indeed no open voting: yet by various vague manipulations, pulse-feelings, we struggle to ascertain what its virtual aim is, and succeed better or worse.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading Monks are sworn to obedience; must not speak too loud, under penalty of foot-gyves, limbo, and bread and water: yet monks too would know what it is they are obeying.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading The Election Accordingly our Prior assembles us in Chapter; and, we adjuring him before God to do justly, nominates, not by our selection, yet with our assent, Twelve Monks, moderately satisfactory.

Chapter 12 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle holds 179 sentences, grouped into 36 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 12 of Past and Present contain?

Chapter 12 holds 179 sentences of Past and Present, unabridged, divided into 36 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 12 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 179 sentences, grouped into 36 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 12 of Past and Present?

Work through the 36 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 36 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 12 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 12 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Past and Present

Common questions about reading Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Past and Present?

Yes. All 4084 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #13534 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Past and Present is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #13534, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Past and Present take to read?

About 340 minutes of reading across 817 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Past and Present section by section

How to work through Past and Present section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Past and Present to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Past and Present

Words and structures a reader meets early in Past and Present, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Example
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Other
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fable
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sphinx
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.