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Past and Present
Past and Present

Chapter XIV · Chapter 14

Chapter 14 of Past and Present is here in full — 56 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/11 · 5 lines
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The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!
Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.
He loved his kindred well, and tenderly enough acknowledged the poor part of them; with the rich part, who in old days had never acknowledged him, he totally refused to have any business.
But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.
In his promotions, nay almost in his benefits, you would have said there was a certain impartiality.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Past and Present

Chapter XIV · Chapter 14

Chapter 14 of Past and Present is here in full — 56 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/11 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!
Line 2
Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.
Line 3
He loved his kindred well, and tenderly enough acknowledged the poor part of them; with the rich part, who in old days had never acknowledged him, he totally refused to have any business.
/hiː lʌvd hɪz ˈkɪndrɪd wel ənd ˈtendərli ɪˈnʌf ækˈnɑːlɪdʒd ðə puːr pɑːrt ʌv ðem wɪð ðə rɪtʃ pɑːrt huː ɪn oʊld deɪz hæd ˈnevər ækˈnɑːlɪdʒd hɪm hiː ˈtoʊtəli rəˈfjuːzd tuː hæv ˈeni ˈbɪznəs/
Line 4
But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.
Line 5
In his promotions, nay almost in his benefits, you would have said there was a certain impartiality.
/ɪn hɪz prəˈmoʊʃənz neɪ ˈɔːlmoʊst ɪn hɪz ˈbenəfɪts juː wʊd hæv sed ðer wɑːz ə ˈsɜːrtən ˌɪmpɑːrʃiˈælɪti/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

benefits noun US /ˈbenəfɪts/

plural of “benefit” — financial assistance in time of need

From this reading “In his promotions, nay almost in his benefits, you would have said there was a certain impartiality.”

impartiality noun US /ˌɪmpɑːrʃiˈælɪti/

an inclination to weigh both views or opinions equally

From this reading “In his promotions, nay almost in his benefits, you would have said there was a certain impartiality.”

keepers noun US /ˈkiːpərz/

plural of “keeper” — someone in charge of other people

From this reading “But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.”

Norfolk noun US /ˈnɔːrfək/

port city located in southeastern Virginia on the Elizabeth River at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay; headquarters of the Atlantic fleet of the United States Navy

From this reading “Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.”

promote verb US /prəˈmoʊt/

contribute to the progress or growth of

From this reading “The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!”

promotions noun US /prəˈmoʊʃənz/

plural of “promotion” — a message issued in behalf of some product or cause or idea or person or institution

From this reading “In his promotions, nay almost in his benefits, you would have said there was a certain impartiality.”

Samson noun US /ˈsæmsən/

(Old Testament) a judge of Israel who performed herculean feats of strength against the Philistines until he was betrayed to them by his mistress Delilah

From this reading “The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!”

situations noun US /ˌsɪtʃuːˈeɪʃənz/

plural of “situation” — the general state of things; the combination of circumstances at a given time

From this reading “But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.”

All words in this reading · 118

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

AbbotnounUS /ˈæbət/

the superior of an abbey of monks

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

Abbot's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

acknowledgedadjectiveUS /ækˈnɑːlɪdʒd/

recognized or made known or admitted

From this reading He loved his kindred well, and tenderly enough acknowledged the poor part of them; with the rich part, who in old days had never acknowledged him, he totally refused to have any business.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading In his promotions, nay almost in his benefits, you would have said there was a certain impartiality.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading He loved his kindred well, and tenderly enough acknowledged the poor part of them; with the rich part, who in old days had never acknowledged him, he totally refused to have any business.

barratornoun

someone guilty of barratry

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

behavedverbUS /bɪˈheɪvd/

past form of “behave” — behave in a certain manner; show a certain behavior; conduct or comport oneself

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

benefitsnounUS /ˈbenəfɪts/

plural of “benefit” — financial assistance in time of need

From this reading In his promotions, nay almost in his benefits, you would have said there was a certain impartiality.

businessnounUS /ˈbɪznəs/

a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it

From this reading He loved his kindred well, and tenderly enough acknowledged the poor part of them; with the rich part, who in old days had never acknowledged him, he totally refused to have any business.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

certainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

chancedverbUS /tʃænst/

past form of “chance” — be the case by chance

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

contributedverbUS /kənˈtrɪbjuːtɪd/

past form of “contribute” — bestow a quality on

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading He loved his kindred well, and tenderly enough acknowledged the poor part of them; with the rich part, who in old days had never acknowledged him, he totally refused to have any business.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

discontentnounUS /dɪskənˈtent/

a longing for something better than the present situation

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

dismissedadjectiveUS /dɪˈsmɪst/

having lost your job

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

enoughnounUS /ɪˈnʌf/

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading He loved his kindred well, and tenderly enough acknowledged the poor part of them; with the rich part, who in old days had never acknowledged him, he totally refused to have any business.

essent

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

exceptprepositionUS /ɪkˈsept/

apart from; not including

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

extraordinaryadjectiveUS /ˌekstrəˈɔːrdəneri/

beyond what is ordinary or usual; highly unusual or exceptional or remarkable

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

familiars

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

favournounUS /ˈfeɪvər/

a feeling of favorable regard

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

findingnounUS /ˈfaɪndɪŋ/

the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

fitverbUS /fɪt/

be agreeable or acceptable to

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

formeradjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrmər/

referring to the first of two things or persons mentioned (or the earlier one or ones of several)

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

hardadjectiveUS /hɑːrd/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

hard-tempered

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading He loved his kindred well, and tenderly enough acknowledged the poor part of them; with the rich part, who in old days had never acknowledged him, he totally refused to have any business.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He loved his kindred well, and tenderly enough acknowledged the poor part of them; with the rich part, who in old days had never acknowledged him, he totally refused to have any business.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

hopenounUS /hoʊp/

a specific instance of feeling hopeful

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

householdnounUS /ˈhaʊshoʊld/

a social unit living together

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

idonei

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

illadjectiveUS /ɪl/

affected by an impairment of normal physical or mental function

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

impartialitynounUS /ˌɪmpɑːrʃiˈælɪti/

an inclination to weigh both views or opinions equally

From this reading In his promotions, nay almost in his benefits, you would have said there was a certain impartiality.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

IndeedadverbUS /ˌɪnˈdiːd/

in truth (often tends to intensify)

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

keepersnounUS /ˈkiːpərz/

plural of “keeper” — someone in charge of other people

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

kindredadjectiveUS /ˈkɪndrɪd/

similar in quality or character

From this reading He loved his kindred well, and tenderly enough acknowledged the poor part of them; with the rich part, who in old days had never acknowledged him, he totally refused to have any business.

kindsnounUS /kaɪndz/

plural of “kind” — a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

lovedadjectiveUS /lʌvd/

held dear

From this reading He loved his kindred well, and tenderly enough acknowledged the poor part of them; with the rich part, who in old days had never acknowledged him, he totally refused to have any business.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

MonksnounUS /mʌŋks/

plural of “monk” — a male religious living in a cloister and devoting himself to contemplation and prayer and work

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

nayexclamationUS /neɪ/

an old word for “no”

From this reading In his promotions, nay almost in his benefits, you would have said there was a certain impartiality.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading He loved his kindred well, and tenderly enough acknowledged the poor part of them; with the rich part, who in old days had never acknowledged him, he totally refused to have any business.

nisiadjective

not final or absolute

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

nonepronounUS /nʌn/

not one, and not any

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

NorfolknounUS /ˈnɔːrfək/

port city located in southeastern Virginia on the Elizabeth River at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay; headquarters of the Atlantic fleet of the United States Navy

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

officesnounUS /ˈɔːfəsəz/

plural of “office” — place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

openverbUS /ˈoʊ.pən/

To move from a closed position.

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

paltenerius

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading He loved his kindred well, and tenderly enough acknowledged the poor part of them; with the rich part, who in old days had never acknowledged him, he totally refused to have any business.

placesnounUS /ˈpleɪsəz/

plural of “place” — a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

pooradjectiveUS /puːr/

deserving or inciting pity

From this reading He loved his kindred well, and tenderly enough acknowledged the poor part of them; with the rich part, who in old days had never acknowledged him, he totally refused to have any business.

promoteverbUS /prəˈmoʊt/

contribute to the progress or growth of

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

promotionsnounUS /prəˈmoʊʃənz/

plural of “promotion” — a message issued in behalf of some product or cause or idea or person or institution

From this reading In his promotions, nay almost in his benefits, you would have said there was a certain impartiality.

putverbUS /pʊt/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

refusedverbUS /rəˈfjuːzd/

past form of “refuse” — show unwillingness towards

From this reading He loved his kindred well, and tenderly enough acknowledged the poor part of them; with the rich part, who in old days had never acknowledged him, he totally refused to have any business.

reproaches

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

returnverbUS /rɪˈtɜːrn/

go or come back to place, condition, or activity where one has been before

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

richadjectiveUS /rɪtʃ/

possessing material wealth

From this reading He loved his kindred well, and tenderly enough acknowledged the poor part of them; with the rich part, who in old days had never acknowledged him, he totally refused to have any business.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading In his promotions, nay almost in his benefits, you would have said there was a certain impartiality.

SamsonnounUS /ˈsæmsən/

(Old Testament) a judge of Israel who performed herculean feats of strength against the Philistines until he was betrayed to them by his mistress Delilah

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

secretnounUS /ˈsiː.krət/

Something that is kept or meant to be kept unknown or unseen by others.

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

shewed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

situationsnounUS /ˌsɪtʃuːˈeɪʃənz/

plural of “situation” — the general state of things; the combination of circumstances at a given time

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

SomeadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

suitableadjectiveUS /ˈsuːtəbəl/

meant or adapted for an occasion or use

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

tenderlyadverbUS /ˈtendərli/

with tenderness; in a tender manner

From this reading He loved his kindred well, and tenderly enough acknowledged the poor part of them; with the rich part, who in old days had never acknowledged him, he totally refused to have any business.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading In his promotions, nay almost in his benefits, you would have said there was a certain impartiality.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

thoughtnounUS /θɔːt/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

totallyadverbUS /ˈtoʊtəli/

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading He loved his kindred well, and tenderly enough acknowledged the poor part of them; with the rich part, who in old days had never acknowledged him, he totally refused to have any business.

ungratefuladjectiveUS /ənˈɡreɪtfəl/

not feeling or showing gratitude

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

unlessconjunctionUS /ənˈles/

except if; if not

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

unsocialadjective

not seeking or given to association; being or living without companions

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

WaysnounUS /weɪz/

structure consisting of a sloping way down to the water from the place where ships are built or repaired

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading He loved his kindred well, and tenderly enough acknowledged the poor part of them; with the rich part, who in old days had never acknowledged him, he totally refused to have any business.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

WhenceadverbUS /wens/

an old word meaning “from where”

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading The Abbot's Ways Abbot Samson shewed no extraordinary favour to the Monks who had been his familiars of old; did not promote them to offices,-- _nisi essent idonei,_ unless they chanced to be fit men!

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Whence great discontent among certain of these, who had contributed to make him Abbot: reproaches, open and secret, of his being 'ungrateful, hard-tempered, unsocial, a Norfolk _barrator_ and _paltenerius.'_ Indeed, except it were for _idonei,_ 'fit men,' in all kinds, it was hard to say for whom Abbot Samson had much favour.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading He loved his kindred well, and tenderly enough acknowledged the poor part of them; with the rich part, who in old days had never acknowledged him, he totally refused to have any business.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading But even the former he did not promote into offices; finding none of them _idonei._ 'Some whom he thought suitable he put into situations in his own household, or made keepers of his country places: if they behaved ill, he dismissed them without hope of return.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading In his promotions, nay almost in his benefits, you would have said there was a certain impartiality.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading In his promotions, nay almost in his benefits, you would have said there was a certain impartiality.

Chapter 14 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle holds 56 sentences, grouped into 12 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 14 of Past and Present contain?

Chapter 14 holds 56 sentences of Past and Present, unabridged, divided into 12 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 14 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 56 sentences, grouped into 12 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 14 of Past and Present?

Work through the 12 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 12 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 14 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 14 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Past and Present

Common questions about reading Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Past and Present?

Yes. All 4084 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #13534 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Past and Present is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #13534, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Past and Present take to read?

About 340 minutes of reading across 817 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through Past and Present section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Past and Present to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Past and Present

Words and structures a reader meets early in Past and Present, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Example
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Other
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fable
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sphinx
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.