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Past and Present
Past and Present

Chapter XV · Chapter 15

Chapter 15 of Past and Present is here in full — 68 sentences across 14 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/13 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.
The Abbot's mitre once set on his head, he knew rest no more.
Double, double, toil and trouble; that is the life of all governors that really govern: not the spoil of victory, only the glorious toil of battle can be theirs.
Abbot Samson found all men more or less headstrong, irrational, prone to disorder; continually threatening to prove ungovernable.
His lazy Monks gave him most trouble.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Past and Present

Chapter XV · Chapter 15

Chapter 15 of Past and Present is here in full — 68 sentences across 14 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/13 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.
Line 2
The Abbot's mitre once set on his head, he knew rest no more.
Line 3
Double, double, toil and trouble; that is the life of all governors that really govern: not the spoil of victory, only the glorious toil of battle can be theirs.
/ˈdʌbəl ˈdʌbəl tɔɪl ənd ˈtrʌbəl ðæt ɪz ðə laɪf ʌv ɔːl ˈɡʌvərnərz ðæt ˈrɪli ˈɡʌvərn nɑːt ðə spɔɪl ʌv ˈvɪktəri ˈoʊnli ðə ˈɡlɔːriəs tɔɪl ʌv ˈbætəl kæn biː ðerz/
Line 4
Abbot Samson found all men more or less headstrong, irrational, prone to disorder; continually threatening to prove ungovernable.
/ˈæbət ˈsæmsən faʊnd ɔːl men mɔːr ɔːr les ˈhedstrɔːŋ ˌɪˈræʃənəl proʊn tuː dɪˈsɔːrdər kənˈtɪnjuːəli ˈθretənɪŋ tuː pruːv ənˈɡʌvərnəbəl/
Line 5
His lazy Monks gave him most trouble.
/hɪz ˈleɪzi mʌŋks ɡeɪv hɪm moʊst ˈtrʌbəl/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

governors noun US /ˈɡʌvərnərz/

plural of “governor” — the head of a state government

From this reading “Double, double, toil and trouble; that is the life of all governors that really govern: not the spoil of victory, only the glorious toil of battle can be theirs.”

headstrong adjective US /ˈhedstrɔːŋ/

habitually disposed to disobedience and opposition

From this reading “Abbot Samson found all men more or less headstrong, irrational, prone to disorder; continually threatening to prove ungovernable.”

irrational adjective US /ˌɪˈræʃənəl/

not consistent with or using reason

From this reading “Abbot Samson found all men more or less headstrong, irrational, prone to disorder; continually threatening to prove ungovernable.”

mitre noun US /ˈmɪtri/

joint that forms a corner; usually both sides are bevelled at a 45-degree angle to form a 90-degree corner

From this reading “The Abbot's mitre once set on his head, he knew rest no more.”

reticent adjective US /ˈretɪsənt/

temperamentally disinclined to talk

From this reading “The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.”

rigorous adjective US /ˈrɪɡərəs/

rigidly accurate; allowing no deviation from a standard

From this reading “The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.”

Samson noun US /ˈsæmsən/

(Old Testament) a judge of Israel who performed herculean feats of strength against the Philistines until he was betrayed to them by his mistress Delilah

From this reading “The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.”

ungovernable adjective US /ənˈɡʌvərnəbəl/

incapable of being controlled

From this reading “Abbot Samson found all men more or less headstrong, irrational, prone to disorder; continually threatening to prove ungovernable.”

All words in this reading · 68

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AbbotnounUS /ˈæbət/

the superior of an abbey of monks

From this reading The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.

Abbot's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.

abstemiousadjective

sparing in consumption of especially food and drink

From this reading The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Double, double, toil and trouble; that is the life of all governors that really govern: not the spoil of victory, only the glorious toil of battle can be theirs.

alongprepositionUS /əˈlɔːŋ/

following the length of something from one end toward the other

From this reading The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Double, double, toil and trouble; that is the life of all governors that really govern: not the spoil of victory, only the glorious toil of battle can be theirs.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.

battlenounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading Double, double, toil and trouble; that is the life of all governors that really govern: not the spoil of victory, only the glorious toil of battle can be theirs.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Double, double, toil and trouble; that is the life of all governors that really govern: not the spoil of victory, only the glorious toil of battle can be theirs.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.

continuallyadverbUS /kənˈtɪnjuːəli/

seemingly without interruption

From this reading Abbot Samson found all men more or less headstrong, irrational, prone to disorder; continually threatening to prove ungovernable.

disordernounUS /dɪˈsɔːrdər/

a physical condition in which there is a disturbance of normal functioning

From this reading Abbot Samson found all men more or less headstrong, irrational, prone to disorder; continually threatening to prove ungovernable.

DoubleverbUS /ˈdʌbəl/

increase twofold

From this reading Double, double, toil and trouble; that is the life of all governors that really govern: not the spoil of victory, only the glorious toil of battle can be theirs.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading Abbot Samson found all men more or less headstrong, irrational, prone to disorder; continually threatening to prove ungovernable.

gaveverbUS /ɡeɪv/

inflected form of “give” — cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading His lazy Monks gave him most trouble.

gloriousadjectiveUS /ˈɡlɔːriəs/

having or deserving or conferring glory

From this reading Double, double, toil and trouble; that is the life of all governors that really govern: not the spoil of victory, only the glorious toil of battle can be theirs.

governverbUS /ˈɡʌvərn/

bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations

From this reading Double, double, toil and trouble; that is the life of all governors that really govern: not the spoil of victory, only the glorious toil of battle can be theirs.

governorsnounUS /ˈɡʌvərnərz/

plural of “governor” — the head of a state government

From this reading Double, double, toil and trouble; that is the life of all governors that really govern: not the spoil of victory, only the glorious toil of battle can be theirs.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.

headnounUS /hed/

the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading The Abbot's mitre once set on his head, he knew rest no more.

headstrongadjectiveUS /ˈhedstrɔːŋ/

habitually disposed to disobedience and opposition

From this reading Abbot Samson found all men more or less headstrong, irrational, prone to disorder; continually threatening to prove ungovernable.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading His lazy Monks gave him most trouble.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The Abbot's mitre once set on his head, he knew rest no more.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.

irrationaladjectiveUS /ˌɪˈræʃənəl/

not consistent with or using reason

From this reading Abbot Samson found all men more or less headstrong, irrational, prone to disorder; continually threatening to prove ungovernable.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Double, double, toil and trouble; that is the life of all governors that really govern: not the spoil of victory, only the glorious toil of battle can be theirs.

knewverbUS /nuː/

inflected form of “know” — be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading The Abbot's mitre once set on his head, he knew rest no more.

lazyadjectiveUS /ˈleɪzi/

moving slowly and gently

From this reading His lazy Monks gave him most trouble.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading Abbot Samson found all men more or less headstrong, irrational, prone to disorder; continually threatening to prove ungovernable.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading Double, double, toil and trouble; that is the life of all governors that really govern: not the spoil of victory, only the glorious toil of battle can be theirs.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Abbot Samson found all men more or less headstrong, irrational, prone to disorder; continually threatening to prove ungovernable.

mitrenounUS /ˈmɪtri/

joint that forms a corner; usually both sides are bevelled at a 45-degree angle to form a 90-degree corner

From this reading The Abbot's mitre once set on his head, he knew rest no more.

MonksnounUS /mʌŋks/

plural of “monk” — a male religious living in a cloister and devoting himself to contemplation and prayer and work

From this reading His lazy Monks gave him most trouble.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading His lazy Monks gave him most trouble.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading The Abbot's mitre once set on his head, he knew rest no more.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Double, double, toil and trouble; that is the life of all governors that really govern: not the spoil of victory, only the glorious toil of battle can be theirs.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The Abbot's mitre once set on his head, he knew rest no more.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading The Abbot's mitre once set on his head, he knew rest no more.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading Double, double, toil and trouble; that is the life of all governors that really govern: not the spoil of victory, only the glorious toil of battle can be theirs.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Abbot Samson found all men more or less headstrong, irrational, prone to disorder; continually threatening to prove ungovernable.

proneadjectiveUS /proʊn/

having a tendency (to); often used in combination

From this reading Abbot Samson found all men more or less headstrong, irrational, prone to disorder; continually threatening to prove ungovernable.

proveverbUS /pruːv/

be shown or be found to be

From this reading Abbot Samson found all men more or less headstrong, irrational, prone to disorder; continually threatening to prove ungovernable.

reallyadverbUS /ˈrɪli/

in accordance with truth or fact or reality

From this reading Double, double, toil and trouble; that is the life of all governors that really govern: not the spoil of victory, only the glorious toil of battle can be theirs.

restverbUS /rest/

not move; be in a resting position

From this reading The Abbot's mitre once set on his head, he knew rest no more.

reticentadjectiveUS /ˈretɪsənt/

temperamentally disinclined to talk

From this reading The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.

rigorousadjectiveUS /ˈrɪɡərəs/

rigidly accurate; allowing no deviation from a standard

From this reading The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.

SamsonnounUS /ˈsæmsən/

(Old Testament) a judge of Israel who performed herculean feats of strength against the Philistines until he was betrayed to them by his mistress Delilah

From this reading The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.

setverbUS /set/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading The Abbot's mitre once set on his head, he knew rest no more.

spoilverbUS /spɔɪl/

make a mess of, destroy or ruin

From this reading Double, double, toil and trouble; that is the life of all governors that really govern: not the spoil of victory, only the glorious toil of battle can be theirs.

tellverbUS /tel/

express in words

From this reading The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Double, double, toil and trouble; that is the life of all governors that really govern: not the spoil of victory, only the glorious toil of battle can be theirs.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.

theirspronounUS /ðerz/

the one or ones belonging to them

From this reading Double, double, toil and trouble; that is the life of all governors that really govern: not the spoil of victory, only the glorious toil of battle can be theirs.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.

threateningadjectiveUS /ˈθretənɪŋ/

threatening or foreshadowing evil or tragic developments

From this reading Abbot Samson found all men more or less headstrong, irrational, prone to disorder; continually threatening to prove ungovernable.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Abbot Samson found all men more or less headstrong, irrational, prone to disorder; continually threatening to prove ungovernable.

toilverbUS /tɔɪl/

work hard

From this reading Double, double, toil and trouble; that is the life of all governors that really govern: not the spoil of victory, only the glorious toil of battle can be theirs.

tonguenounUS /tʌŋ/

a mobile mass of muscular tissue covered with mucous membrane and located in the oral cavity

From this reading The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.

troublenounUS /ˈtrʌbəl/

a source of difficulty

From this reading Double, double, toil and trouble; that is the life of all governors that really govern: not the spoil of victory, only the glorious toil of battle can be theirs.

TroublesnounUS /ˈtrʌbəlz/

plural of “trouble” — a source of difficulty

From this reading The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.

ungovernableadjectiveUS /ənˈɡʌvərnəbəl/

incapable of being controlled

From this reading Abbot Samson found all men more or less headstrong, irrational, prone to disorder; continually threatening to prove ungovernable.

victorynounUS /ˈvɪktəri/

a successful ending of a struggle or contest

From this reading Double, double, toil and trouble; that is the life of all governors that really govern: not the spoil of victory, only the glorious toil of battle can be theirs.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.

wentverbUS /went/

inflected form of “go” — change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The Abbot's Troubles The troubles of Abbot Samson, as he went along in this abstemious, reticent, rigorous way, were more than tongue can tell.

Chapter 15 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle holds 68 sentences, grouped into 14 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 15 of Past and Present contain?

Chapter 15 holds 68 sentences of Past and Present, unabridged, divided into 14 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 15 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 68 sentences, grouped into 14 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 15 of Past and Present?

Work through the 14 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 14 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 15 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 15 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Past and Present

Common questions about reading Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Past and Present?

Yes. All 4084 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #13534 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Past and Present is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #13534, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Past and Present take to read?

About 340 minutes of reading across 817 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Past and Present

Words and structures a reader meets early in Past and Present, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Example
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Other
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fable
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sphinx
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.