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Past and Present
Past and Present

Chapter XVII · Chapter 17

Chapter 17 of Past and Present is here in full — 43 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/8 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Henry of Essex Of St. Edmund's fearful avengements have they not the remarkablest instance still before their eyes?
He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!
This Narrative is too significant to be omitted as a document of the Time.
Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.
Read it here; with ancient yet with modern eyes.
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Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Past and Present

Chapter XVII · Chapter 17

Chapter 17 of Past and Present is here in full — 43 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/8 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Henry of Essex Of St. Edmund's fearful avengements have they not the remarkablest instance still before their eyes?
Line 2
He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!
Line 3
This Narrative is too significant to be omitted as a document of the Time.
/ðɪs ˈnærətɪv ɪz tuː səɡˈnɪfɪkənt tuː biː oʊˈmɪtəd æz ə ˈdɑːkjəment ʌv ðə taɪm/
Line 4
Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.
Line 5
Read it here; with ancient yet with modern eyes.
/red ɪt hiːr wɪð ˈeɪn.ʃənt jet wɪð ˈmɑːdərn aɪz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Essex noun US /ˈesɪks/

a county in southeastern England on the North Sea and the Thames estuary

From this reading “Henry of Essex Of St. Edmund's fearful avengements have they not the remarkablest instance still before their eyes?”

garrulous adjective US /ˈɡerələs/

full of trivial conversation

From this reading “Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.”

Henry's noun US /ˈhenriz/

possessive form of “henry” — a unit of inductance in which an induced electromotive force of one volt is produced when the current is varied at the rate of one ampere per second

From this reading “Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.”

inserting verb US /ˌɪnˈsɜːrtɪŋ/

-ing form of “insert” — put or introduce into something

From this reading “Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.”

Monastery noun US /ˈmɑːnəsteri/

the residence of a religious community

From this reading “He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!”

penitent noun US /ˈpenɪtɪnt/

(Roman Catholic Church) a person who repents for wrongdoing (a Roman Catholic may be admitted to penance under the direction of a confessor)

From this reading “He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!”

punishes verb US /ˈpʌnɪʃəz/

third-person singular of “punish” — impose a penalty on; inflict punishment on

From this reading “He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!”

rhetorical adjective US /rɪˈtɔːrɪkəl/

of or relating to rhetoric

From this reading “Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.”

All words in this reading · 94

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

AbbotnounUS /ˈæbət/

the superior of an abbey of monks

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

accordinglyadverbUS /əˈkɔːrdɪŋli/

(sentence connectors) because of the reason given

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

ambitiousadjectiveUS /æmˈbɪʃəs/

having a strong desire for success or achievement

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

ancientadjectiveUS /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading Read it here; with ancient yet with modern eyes.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading This Narrative is too significant to be omitted as a document of the Time.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

avengements

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Henry of Essex Of St. Edmund's fearful avengements have they not the remarkablest instance still before their eyes?

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading This Narrative is too significant to be omitted as a document of the Time.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Henry of Essex Of St. Edmund's fearful avengements have they not the remarkablest instance still before their eyes?

chargedadjectiveUS /tʃɑːrdʒd/

of a particle or body or system; having a net amount of positive or negative electric charge

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

discernverbUS /dɪˈsɜːrn/

detect with the senses

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

documentnounUS /ˈdɑːkjəment/

writing that provides information (especially information of an official nature)

From this reading This Narrative is too significant to be omitted as a document of the Time.

doneadjectiveUS /dʌn/

having finished or arrived at completion

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

EarlnounUS /ɜːrl/

a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

Edmund

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

Edmund's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Henry of Essex Of St. Edmund's fearful avengements have they not the remarkablest instance still before their eyes?

episodenounUS /ˈepəsoʊd/

a happening that is distinctive in a series of related events

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

EssexnounUS /ˈesɪks/

a county in southeastern England on the North Sea and the Thames estuary

From this reading Henry of Essex Of St. Edmund's fearful avengements have they not the remarkablest instance still before their eyes?

eyesnounUS /aɪz/

opinion or judgment

From this reading Henry of Essex Of St. Edmund's fearful avengements have they not the remarkablest instance still before their eyes?

fearfuladjectiveUS /ˈfɪrfəl/

experiencing or showing fear

From this reading Henry of Essex Of St. Edmund's fearful avengements have they not the remarkablest instance still before their eyes?

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

garrulousadjectiveUS /ˈɡerələs/

full of trivial conversation

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

goverbUS /ɡoʊ/

change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Henry of Essex Of St. Edmund's fearful avengements have they not the remarkablest instance still before their eyes?

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

heardadjectiveUS /hɜːrd/

detected or perceived by the sense of hearing

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

HenrynounUS /ˈhenri/

a unit of inductance in which an induced electromotive force of one volt is produced when the current is varied at the rate of one ampere per second

From this reading Henry of Essex Of St. Edmund's fearful avengements have they not the remarkablest instance still before their eyes?

Henry'snounUS /ˈhenriz/

possessive form of “henry” — a unit of inductance in which an induced electromotive force of one volt is produced when the current is varied at the rate of one ampere per second

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

hereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading Read it here; with ancient yet with modern eyes.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

insertingverbUS /ˌɪnˈsɜːrtɪŋ/

-ing form of “insert” — put or introduce into something

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

instancenounUS /ˈɪnstəns/

an occurrence of something

From this reading Henry of Essex Of St. Edmund's fearful avengements have they not the remarkablest instance still before their eyes?

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading This Narrative is too significant to be omitted as a document of the Time.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

Jocelin's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

LatinadjectiveUS /ˈlætən/

of or relating to the ancient Latins or the Latin language

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

leavesnounUS /liːvz/

plural of “leaf” — the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

LordnounUS /lɔːrd/

terms referring to the Judeo-Christian God

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

mercynounUS /ˈmɜːrsi/

leniency and compassion shown toward offenders by a person or agency charged with administering justice

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

modernadjectiveUS /ˈmɑːdərn/

belonging to the modern era; since the Middle Ages

From this reading Read it here; with ancient yet with modern eyes.

MonasterynounUS /ˈmɑːnəsteri/

the residence of a religious community

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

MonknounUS /mʌŋk/

a male religious living in a cloister and devoting himself to contemplation and prayer and work

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

monksnounUS /mʌŋks/

plural of “monk” — a male religious living in a cloister and devoting himself to contemplation and prayer and work

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

mournfuladjectiveUS /ˈmɔːrnfəl/

expressing sorrow

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

mouthnounUS /maʊθ/

the opening through which food is taken in and vocalizations emerge

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

NarrativenounUS /ˈnærətɪv/

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading This Narrative is too significant to be omitted as a document of the Time.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Henry of Essex Of St. Edmund's fearful avengements have they not the remarkablest instance still before their eyes?

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Henry of Essex Of St. Edmund's fearful avengements have they not the remarkablest instance still before their eyes?

omittedverbUS /oʊˈmɪtəd/

inflected form of “omit” — prevent from being included or considered or accepted

From this reading This Narrative is too significant to be omitted as a document of the Time.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

OurdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

particularsnounUS /pərˈtɪkjələrz/

plural of “particular” — a fact about some part (as opposed to general)

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

penitentnounUS /ˈpenɪtɪnt/

(Roman Catholic Church) a person who repents for wrongdoing (a Roman Catholic may be admitted to penance under the direction of a confessor)

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

proudadjectiveUS /praʊd/

feeling self-respect or pleasure in something by which you measure your self-worth; or being a reason for pride

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

punishesverbUS /ˈpʌnɪʃəz/

third-person singular of “punish” — impose a penalty on; inflict punishment on

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

ReadverbUS /red/

interpret something that is written or printed

From this reading Read it here; with ancient yet with modern eyes.

ReadingnounUS /ˈriːdɪŋ/

the cognitive process of understanding a written linguistic message

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

remarkablest

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Henry of Essex Of St. Edmund's fearful avengements have they not the remarkablest instance still before their eyes?

rhetoricaladjectiveUS /rɪˈtɔːrɪkəl/

of or relating to rhetoric

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

significantadjectiveUS /səɡˈnɪfɪkənt/

important in effect or meaning

From this reading This Narrative is too significant to be omitted as a document of the Time.

St

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Henry of Essex Of St. Edmund's fearful avengements have they not the remarkablest instance still before their eyes?

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading Henry of Essex Of St. Edmund's fearful avengements have they not the remarkablest instance still before their eyes?

terriblyadverbUS /ˈterəbli/

used as intensifiers

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Henry of Essex Of St. Edmund's fearful avengements have they not the remarkablest instance still before their eyes?

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Henry of Essex Of St. Edmund's fearful avengements have they not the remarkablest instance still before their eyes?

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

thereupon

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Henry of Essex Of St. Edmund's fearful avengements have they not the remarkablest instance still before their eyes?

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This Narrative is too significant to be omitted as a document of the Time.

TimenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading This Narrative is too significant to be omitted as a document of the Time.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

tonsuredadjective

having a bald spot either shaved or natural

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading This Narrative is too significant to be omitted as a document of the Time.

visitverbUS /ˈvɪzɪt/

go to see a place, as for entertainment

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

writeverbUS /raɪt/

produce a literary work

From this reading Our Lord Abbot, once on a visit at Reading, heard the particulars from Henry's own mouth; and thereupon charged one of his monks to write it down;--as accordingly the Monk has done, in ambitious rhetorical Latin; inserting the same, as episode, among Jocelin's garrulous leaves.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading He that will go to Reading Monastery may find there, now tonsured into a mournful penitent Monk, the once proud Henry Earl of Essex; and discern how St. Edmund punishes terribly, yet with mercy!

Chapter 17 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle holds 43 sentences, grouped into 9 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 17 of Past and Present contain?

Chapter 17 holds 43 sentences of Past and Present, unabridged, divided into 9 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 17 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 43 sentences, grouped into 9 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 17 of Past and Present?

Work through the 9 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 9 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 17 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 17 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Past and Present

Common questions about reading Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Past and Present?

Yes. All 4084 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #13534 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Past and Present is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #13534, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Past and Present take to read?

About 340 minutes of reading across 817 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Past and Present section by section

How to work through Past and Present section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Past and Present to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Past and Present

Words and structures a reader meets early in Past and Present, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Example
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Other
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fable
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sphinx
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.