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Past and Present
Past and Present

Chapter XIX · Chapter 19

Chapter 19 of Past and Present is here in full — 84 sentences across 17 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/16 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.
He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'
For all ruinous incomplete things, buildings or other, were an eye-sorrow to the man.
We saw his 'great tower of St. Edmund's;' or at least the roof-timbers of it, lying cut and stamped in Elmset Wood.
To change combustible decaying reed-thatch into tile or lead, and material, still more, moral wreck into rain-tight order, what a comfort to Samson!
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Past and Present

Chapter XIX · Chapter 19

Chapter 19 of Past and Present is here in full — 84 sentences across 17 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/16 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.
Line 2
He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'
Line 3
For all ruinous incomplete things, buildings or other, were an eye-sorrow to the man.
Line 4
We saw his 'great tower of St. Edmund's;' or at least the roof-timbers of it, lying cut and stamped in Elmset Wood.
Line 5
To change combustible decaying reed-thatch into tile or lead, and material, still more, moral wreck into rain-tight order, what a comfort to Samson!

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

barns noun US /bɑːrnz/

plural of “barn” — an outlying farm building for storing grain or animal feed and housing farm animals

From this reading “St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.”

decaying verb US /dɪˈkeɪɪŋ/

-ing form of “decay” — lose a stored charge, magnetic flux, or current

From this reading “To change combustible decaying reed-thatch into tile or lead, and material, still more, moral wreck into rain-tight order, what a comfort to Samson!”

incomplete adjective US /ˌɪnkəmˈpliːt/

not complete or total; not completed

From this reading “For all ruinous incomplete things, buildings or other, were an eye-sorrow to the man.”

ruinous adjective US /ˈruːənəs/

extremely harmful; bringing physical or financial ruin

From this reading “For all ruinous incomplete things, buildings or other, were an eye-sorrow to the man.”

Samson noun US /ˈsæmsən/

(Old Testament) a judge of Israel who performed herculean feats of strength against the Philistines until he was betrayed to them by his mistress Delilah

From this reading “St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.”

thatched verb US /θætʃt/

past form of “thatch” — cover with thatch

From this reading “He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'”

tile noun US /taɪl/

a flat thin rectangular slab (as of fired clay or rubber or linoleum) used to cover surfaces

From this reading “To change combustible decaying reed-thatch into tile or lead, and material, still more, moral wreck into rain-tight order, what a comfort to Samson!”

tiles noun US /taɪlz/

plural of “tile” — a flat thin rectangular slab (as of fired clay or rubber or linoleum) used to cover surfaces

From this reading “He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'”

All words in this reading · 91

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading To change combustible decaying reed-thatch into tile or lead, and material, still more, moral wreck into rain-tight order, what a comfort to Samson!

AbbotnounUS /ˈæbət/

the superior of an abbey of monks

From this reading St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading For all ruinous incomplete things, buildings or other, were an eye-sorrow to the man.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading We saw his 'great tower of St. Edmund's;' or at least the roof-timbers of it, lying cut and stamped in Elmset Wood.

Babwell

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

barnsnounUS /bɑːrnz/

plural of “barn” — an outlying farm building for storing grain or animal feed and housing farm animals

From this reading St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

buildingsnounUS /ˈbɪldɪŋz/

plural of “building” — a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place

From this reading For all ruinous incomplete things, buildings or other, were an eye-sorrow to the man.

builtadjectiveUS /bɪlt/

(used of soaps or cleaning agents) having a substance (an abrasive or filler) added to increase effectiveness

From this reading St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.

causedverbUS /kɑːzd/

past form of “cause” — give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

changeverbUS /tʃeɪndʒ/

cause to change; make different; cause a transformation

From this reading To change combustible decaying reed-thatch into tile or lead, and material, still more, moral wreck into rain-tight order, what a comfort to Samson!

church-steeples

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.

churchesnounUS /ˈtʃɜːrtʃɪz/

plural of “church” — one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship

From this reading St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.

combustiblenoun

a substance that can be burned to provide heat or power

From this reading To change combustible decaying reed-thatch into tile or lead, and material, still more, moral wreck into rain-tight order, what a comfort to Samson!

comfortnounUS /ˈkʌmfərt/

a state of being relaxed and feeling no pain

From this reading To change combustible decaying reed-thatch into tile or lead, and material, still more, moral wreck into rain-tight order, what a comfort to Samson!

coveredadjectiveUS /ˈkʌvərd/

overlaid or spread or topped with or enclosed within something; sometimes used as a combining form

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

cutverbUS /kʌt/

separate with or as if with an instrument

From this reading We saw his 'great tower of St. Edmund's;' or at least the roof-timbers of it, lying cut and stamped in Elmset Wood.

decayingverbUS /dɪˈkeɪɪŋ/

-ing form of “decay” — lose a stored charge, magnetic flux, or current

From this reading To change combustible decaying reed-thatch into tile or lead, and material, still more, moral wreck into rain-tight order, what a comfort to Samson!

dwellingsnounUS /ˈdwelɪŋz/

plural of “dwelling” — housing that someone is living in

From this reading St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.

edifices

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.

Edmund

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.

Edmund's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We saw his 'great tower of St. Edmund's;' or at least the roof-timbers of it, lying cut and stamped in Elmset Wood.

Edmundsbury

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

Elmset

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We saw his 'great tower of St. Edmund's;' or at least the roof-timbers of it, lying cut and stamped in Elmset Wood.

endowedadjectiveUS /enˈdaʊd/

provided or supplied or equipped with (especially as by inheritance or nature)

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

eye-sorrow

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For all ruinous incomplete things, buildings or other, were an eye-sorrow to the man.

fallenadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːlən/

having dropped by the force of gravity

From this reading St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.

fitverbUS /fɪt/

be agreeable or acceptable to

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading We saw his 'great tower of St. Edmund's;' or at least the roof-timbers of it, lying cut and stamped in Elmset Wood.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading We saw his 'great tower of St. Edmund's;' or at least the roof-timbers of it, lying cut and stamped in Elmset Wood.

HospitalnounUS /ˈhɑːspɪtəl/

a health facility where patients receive treatment

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

housesnounUS /ˈhaʊsəz/

plural of “house” — a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

humanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/

characteristic of humanity

From this reading St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading We saw his 'great tower of St. Edmund's;' or at least the roof-timbers of it, lying cut and stamped in Elmset Wood.

incompleteadjectiveUS /ˌɪnkəmˈpliːt/

not complete or total; not completed

From this reading For all ruinous incomplete things, buildings or other, were an eye-sorrow to the man.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading To change combustible decaying reed-thatch into tile or lead, and material, still more, moral wreck into rain-tight order, what a comfort to Samson!

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading We saw his 'great tower of St. Edmund's;' or at least the roof-timbers of it, lying cut and stamped in Elmset Wood.

leadverbUS /led/

take somebody somewhere

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading We saw his 'great tower of St. Edmund's;' or at least the roof-timbers of it, lying cut and stamped in Elmset Wood.

lyingnounUS /ˈlaɪɪŋ/

the deliberate act of deviating from the truth

From this reading We saw his 'great tower of St. Edmund's;' or at least the roof-timbers of it, lying cut and stamped in Elmset Wood.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading For all ruinous incomplete things, buildings or other, were an eye-sorrow to the man.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.

materialadjectiveUS /məˈtɪriəl/

concerned with worldly rather than spiritual interests

From this reading To change combustible decaying reed-thatch into tile or lead, and material, still more, moral wreck into rain-tight order, what a comfort to Samson!

moraladjectiveUS /ˈmɔːrəl/

concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming to standards of behavior and character based on those principles

From this reading To change combustible decaying reed-thatch into tile or lead, and material, still more, moral wreck into rain-tight order, what a comfort to Samson!

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading To change combustible decaying reed-thatch into tile or lead, and material, still more, moral wreck into rain-tight order, what a comfort to Samson!

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

ordernounUS /ˈɔːrdər/

(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed

From this reading To change combustible decaying reed-thatch into tile or lead, and material, still more, moral wreck into rain-tight order, what a comfort to Samson!

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading For all ruinous incomplete things, buildings or other, were an eye-sorrow to the man.

piousadjectiveUS /ˈpaɪəs/

having or showing or expressing reverence for a deity

From this reading St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.

probablyadverbUS /ˈprɑːbəbliː/

with considerable certainty; without much doubt

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

rain-tight

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To change combustible decaying reed-thatch into tile or lead, and material, still more, moral wreck into rain-tight order, what a comfort to Samson!

reed-thatch

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To change combustible decaying reed-thatch into tile or lead, and material, still more, moral wreck into rain-tight order, what a comfort to Samson!

reedsnounUS /riːdz/

plural of “reed” — tall woody perennial grasses with hollow slender stems especially of the genera Arundo and Phragmites

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

roof-timbers

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We saw his 'great tower of St. Edmund's;' or at least the roof-timbers of it, lying cut and stamped in Elmset Wood.

roofsnounUS /ruːfs/

plural of “roof” — a protective covering that covers or forms the top of a building

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

ruinousadjectiveUS /ˈruːənəs/

extremely harmful; bringing physical or financial ruin

From this reading For all ruinous incomplete things, buildings or other, were an eye-sorrow to the man.

SamsonnounUS /ˈsæmsən/

(Old Testament) a judge of Israel who performed herculean feats of strength against the Philistines until he was betrayed to them by his mistress Delilah

From this reading St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.

sawverbUS /sɔː/

cut with a saw

From this reading We saw his 'great tower of St. Edmund's;' or at least the roof-timbers of it, lying cut and stamped in Elmset Wood.

SchoolsnounUS /skuːlz/

plural of “school” — an educational institution

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

St

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.

stampedverbUS /stæmpt/

past form of “stamp” — walk heavily

From this reading We saw his 'great tower of St. Edmund's;' or at least the roof-timbers of it, lying cut and stamped in Elmset Wood.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading To change combustible decaying reed-thatch into tile or lead, and material, still more, moral wreck into rain-tight order, what a comfort to Samson!

stoodverbUS /stʊd/

Maintained an upright posture.

From this reading St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.

thatchedverbUS /θætʃt/

past form of “thatch” — cover with thatch

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading For all ruinous incomplete things, buildings or other, were an eye-sorrow to the man.

tilenounUS /taɪl/

a flat thin rectangular slab (as of fired clay or rubber or linoleum) used to cover surfaces

From this reading To change combustible decaying reed-thatch into tile or lead, and material, still more, moral wreck into rain-tight order, what a comfort to Samson!

tilesnounUS /taɪlz/

plural of “tile” — a flat thin rectangular slab (as of fired clay or rubber or linoleum) used to cover surfaces

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

towernounUS /ˈtaʊər/

a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building

From this reading We saw his 'great tower of St. Edmund's;' or at least the roof-timbers of it, lying cut and stamped in Elmset Wood.

usefuladjectiveUS /ˈjuːsfəl/

being of use or service

From this reading St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.

vanishedadjectiveUS /ˈvænɪʃt/

having passed out of existence

From this reading St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading We saw his 'great tower of St. Edmund's;' or at least the roof-timbers of it, lying cut and stamped in Elmset Wood.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading To change combustible decaying reed-thatch into tile or lead, and material, still more, moral wreck into rain-tight order, what a comfort to Samson!

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading St. Edmund Abbot Samson built many useful, many pious edifices; human dwellings, churches, church-steeples, barns;--all fallen now and vanished, but useful while they stood.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading He built and endowed 'the Hospital of Babwell;' built 'fit houses for the St. Edmundsbury Schools: Many are the roofs once 'thatched with reeds' which he 'caused to be covered with tiles;' or if they were churches, probably 'with lead.'

WoodnounUS /wʊd/

the hard fibrous lignified substance under the bark of trees

From this reading We saw his 'great tower of St. Edmund's;' or at least the roof-timbers of it, lying cut and stamped in Elmset Wood.

wrecknounUS /rek/

something or someone that has suffered ruin or dilapidation

From this reading To change combustible decaying reed-thatch into tile or lead, and material, still more, moral wreck into rain-tight order, what a comfort to Samson!

Chapter 19 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle holds 84 sentences, grouped into 17 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 19 of Past and Present contain?

Chapter 19 holds 84 sentences of Past and Present, unabridged, divided into 17 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 19 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 84 sentences, grouped into 17 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 19 of Past and Present?

Work through the 17 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 17 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 19 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 19 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Past and Present

Common questions about reading Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Past and Present?

Yes. All 4084 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #13534 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Past and Present is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #13534, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Past and Present take to read?

About 340 minutes of reading across 817 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Past and Present section by section

How to work through Past and Present section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Past and Present to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Past and Present

Words and structures a reader meets early in Past and Present, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Example
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Other
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fable
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sphinx
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.