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Past and Present
Past and Present

Chapter XXI · Chapter 21

Chapter 21 of Past and Present is here in full — 188 sentences across 38 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/37 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!
God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.
It is even so.
To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.
We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Past and Present

Chapter XXI · Chapter 21

Chapter 21 of Past and Present is here in full — 188 sentences across 38 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/37 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!
Line 2
God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.
/ɡɑːdz ˈæbsəluːt lɔːz ˈsæŋkʃənd baɪ æn ɪˈtɜːrnəl ˈhevən ənd æn ɪˈtɜːrnəl hel hæv bɪˈkʌm ˈmɔːrəl fəˈlɑːsəfiz ˈsæŋkʃənd baɪ ˈeɪbəl ˌkɑːmpjuːˈteɪʃənz ʌv ˈprɑːfət ənd lɔːs baɪ wiːk kənˌsɪdərˈeɪʃənz ʌv ˈpleʒərz ʌv ˈvɝː.tʃuː ənd ðə ˈmɔːrəl səˈblaɪm/
Line 3
It is even so.
/ɪt ɪz ˈiːvɪn soʊ/
Line 4
To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.
Line 5
We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

computations noun US /ˌkɑːmpjuːˈteɪʃənz/

plural of “computation” — the procedure of calculating; determining something by mathematical or logical methods

From this reading “God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.”

confirmatory adjective US /kənˈfɜːrmətɔːri/

serving to support or corroborate

From this reading “Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!”

dialect noun US /ˈdaɪəlekt/

the usage or vocabulary that is characteristic of a specific group of people

From this reading “To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.”

intrinsically adverb US /ˌɪnˈtrɪnsɪkəli/

with respect to its inherent nature

From this reading “We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!”

Phenomena noun US /fəˈnɑːmənə/

plural of “phenomenon” — any state or process known through the senses rather than by intuition or reasoning

From this reading “Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!”

Philosophies noun US /fəˈlɑːsəfiz/

plural of “philosophy” — a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school

From this reading “God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.”

sanctioned adjective US /ˈsæŋkʃənd/

conforming to orthodox or recognized rules

From this reading “God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.”

unintelligible adjective US /ˌʌnɪnˈtelədʒəbəl/

poorly articulated or enunciated, or drowned by noise

From this reading “We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!”

All words in this reading · 101

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!

ableadjectiveUS /ˈeɪbəl/

(usually followed by “to”) having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something

From this reading God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.

absoluteadjectiveUS /ˈæbsəluːt/

perfect or complete or pure

From this reading God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.

ancientadjectiveUS /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!

becomeverbUS /bɪˈkʌm/

enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.

believeverbUS /bɪˈliːv/

accept as true; take to be true

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!

Cattlefold

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!

clearverbUS /klɪr/

rid of obstructions

From this reading We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!

closedadjectiveUS /kloʊzd/

not open or affording passage or access

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

computationsnounUS /ˌkɑːmpjuːˈteɪʃənz/

plural of “computation” — the procedure of calculating; determining something by mathematical or logical methods

From this reading God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.

confirmatoryadjectiveUS /kənˈfɜːrmətɔːri/

serving to support or corroborate

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

considerationsnounUS /kənˌsɪdərˈeɪʃənz/

plural of “consideration” — the process of giving careful thought to something

From this reading God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.

dialectnounUS /ˈdaɪəlekt/

the usage or vocabulary that is characteristic of a specific group of people

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

Dining-tables

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!

Edmund

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

enoughnounUS /ɪˈnʌf/

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!

eternaladjectiveUS /ɪˈtɜːrnəl/

continuing forever or indefinitely

From this reading God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading It is even so.

extensiveadjectiveUS /ɪkˈstensɪv/

large in spatial extent or range or scope or quantity

From this reading We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!

extrinsically

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!

eyesnounUS /aɪz/

opinion or judgment

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

FactnounUS /fækt/

a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

figurenounUS /ˈfɪɡjər/

a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!

forgottenadjectiveUS /fərˈɡɑːt.n̩/

Not remembered; lapsed from memory.

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

GodnounUS /ɡɑːd/

the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

God'snounUS /ɡɑːdz/

possessive form of “god” — the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.

goneadjectiveUS /ɡɔːn/

destroyed or killed

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!

HeavennounUS /ˈhevən/

any place of complete bliss and delight and peace

From this reading God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.

HellnounUS /hel/

any place of pain and turmoil

From this reading God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

intrinsicallyadverbUS /ˌɪnˈtrɪnsɪkəli/

with respect to its inherent nature

From this reading We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

Kitchen-ranges

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!

LawsnounUS /lɔːz/

the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit

From this reading God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.

longeradverbUS /ˈlɔːŋɡər/

for more time

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

LossnounUS /lɔːs/

something that is lost

From this reading God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.

matternounUS /ˈmætər/

a vaguely specified concern

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

minatoryadjective

threatening or foreshadowing evil or tragic developments

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

modernadjectiveUS /ˈmɑːdərn/

belonging to the modern era; since the Middle Ages

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

MoraladjectiveUS /ˈmɔːrəl/

concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming to standards of behavior and character based on those principles

From this reading God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

openedadjectiveUS /ˈoʊpənd/

used of mouth or eyes

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

PERHAPSadverbUS /pərˈhæps/

by chance

From this reading We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!

PhenomenanounUS /fəˈnɑːmənə/

plural of “phenomenon” — any state or process known through the senses rather than by intuition or reasoning

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

PhilosophiesnounUS /fəˈlɑːsəfiz/

plural of “philosophy” — a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school

From this reading God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!

PleasuresnounUS /ˈpleʒərz/

plural of “pleasure” — a fundamental feeling that is hard to define but that people desire to experience

From this reading God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.

ProfitnounUS /ˈprɑːfət/

the excess of revenues over outlays in a given period of time (including depreciation and other non-cash expenses)

From this reading God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.

quietlyadverbUS /ˈkwaɪətli/

with low volume

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

religionnounUS /rɪˈlɪdʒən/

a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

rimnounUS /rɪm/

the shape of a raised edge of a more or less circular object

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

sanctionedadjectiveUS /ˈsæŋkʃənd/

conforming to orthodox or recognized rules

From this reading God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

Shams

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

Shews

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

skynounUS /skaɪ/

the atmosphere and outer space as viewed from the earth

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading It is even so.

speakverbUS /spiːk/

express in speech

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

St

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

SublimeadjectiveUS /səˈblaɪm/

inspiring awe

From this reading God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.

SubstancenounUS /ˈsʌbstəns/

the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

takenadjectiveUS /ˈteɪkən/

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

ToparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

truthnounUS /truːθ/

a fact that has been verified

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

unintelligibleadjectiveUS /ˌʌnɪnˈtelədʒəbəl/

poorly articulated or enunciated, or drowned by noise

From this reading We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!

UniversenounUS /ˈjuːnəvɜːrs/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading To speak in the ancient dialect, we 'have forgotten God;'--in the most modern dialect and very truth of the matter, we have taken up the Fact of this Universe as it _is not._ We have quietly closed our eyes to the eternal Substance of things, and opened them only to the Shews and Shams of things.

VirtuenounUS /ˈvɝː.tʃuː/

Moral excellence and goodness of character; the highest human attainment in Stoic philosophy.

From this reading God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Phenomena But, it is said, our religion is gone: we no longer believe in St. Edmund, no longer see the figure of him 'on the rim of the sky,' minatory or confirmatory!

weakadjectiveUS /wiːk/

wanting in physical strength

From this reading God's absolute Laws, sanctioned by an eternal Heaven and an eternal Hell, have become Moral Philosophies, sanctioned by able computations of Profit and Loss, by weak considerations of Pleasures of Virtue and the Moral Sublime.

whereat

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!

wiseadjectiveUS /waɪz/

having or prompted by wisdom or discernment

From this reading We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!

Workhousenoun

a poorhouse where able-bodied poor are compelled to labor

From this reading We quietly believe this Universe to be intrinsically a great unintelligible PERHAPS; extrinsically, clear enough, it is a great, most extensive Cattlefold and Workhouse, with most extensive Kitchen-ranges, Dining-tables,--whereat he is wise who can find a place!

Chapter 21 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle holds 188 sentences, grouped into 38 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 21 of Past and Present contain?

Chapter 21 holds 188 sentences of Past and Present, unabridged, divided into 38 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 21 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 188 sentences, grouped into 38 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 21 of Past and Present?

Work through the 38 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 38 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 21 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 21 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Past and Present

Common questions about reading Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Past and Present?

Yes. All 4084 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #13534 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Past and Present is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #13534, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Past and Present take to read?

About 340 minutes of reading across 817 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Past and Present section by section

How to work through Past and Present section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Past and Present to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Past and Present

Words and structures a reader meets early in Past and Present, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Example
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Other
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fable
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sphinx
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.