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Past and Present
Past and Present

Chapter XXIII · Chapter 23

Chapter 23 of Past and Present is here in full — 52 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/10 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Happy All work, even cotton-spinning, is noble; work is alone noble: be that here said and asserted once more.
And in like manner too all dignity is painful; a life of ease is not for any man, nor for any god.
The life of all gods figures itself to us as a Sublime Sadness--earnestness of Infinite Battle against Infinite Labour.
Our highest religion is named the 'Worship of Sorrow.'
For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Past and Present

Chapter XXIII · Chapter 23

Chapter 23 of Past and Present is here in full — 52 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/10 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Happy All work, even cotton-spinning, is noble; work is alone noble: be that here said and asserted once more.
Line 2
And in like manner too all dignity is painful; a life of ease is not for any man, nor for any god.
/ənd ɪn laɪk ˈmænər tuː ɔːl ˈdɪɡnəti ɪz ˈpeɪnfəl ə laɪf ʌv iːz ɪz nɑːt fɔːr ˈeni mæn nɔːr fɔːr ˈeni ɡɑːd/
Line 3
The life of all gods figures itself to us as a Sublime Sadness--earnestness of Infinite Battle against Infinite Labour.
Line 4
Our highest religion is named the 'Worship of Sorrow.'
/ˈaʊər ˈhaɪəst rɪˈlɪdʒən ɪz neɪmd ðə ˈwɜːrʃəp ʌv ˈsɑːroʊ/
Line 5
For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

asserted adjective US /əˈsɜːrtɪd/

confidently declared to be so

From this reading “Happy All work, even cotton-spinning, is noble; work is alone noble: be that here said and asserted once more.”

earnestness noun US /ˈɜːrnəstnəs/

an earnest and sincere feeling

From this reading “The life of all gods figures itself to us as a Sublime Sadness--earnestness of Infinite Battle against Infinite Labour.”

Infinite adjective US /ˈɪnfənət/

having no limits or boundaries in time or space or extent or magnitude

From this reading “The life of all gods figures itself to us as a Sublime Sadness--earnestness of Infinite Battle against Infinite Labour.”

instincts noun US /ˈɪnstɪŋkts/

plural of “instinct” — inborn pattern of behavior often responsive to specific stimuli

From this reading “For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.”

Labour noun US /ˈleɪbər/

a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

From this reading “The life of all gods figures itself to us as a Sublime Sadness--earnestness of Infinite Battle against Infinite Labour.”

Sadness noun US /ˈsædnəs/

emotions experienced when not in a state of well-being

From this reading “The life of all gods figures itself to us as a Sublime Sadness--earnestness of Infinite Battle against Infinite Labour.”

Sublime adjective US /səˈblaɪm/

inspiring awe

From this reading “The life of all gods figures itself to us as a Sublime Sadness--earnestness of Infinite Battle against Infinite Labour.”

thorns noun US /θɔːrnz/

plural of “thorn” — something that causes irritation and annoyance

From this reading “For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.”

All words in this reading · 75

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading And in like manner too all dignity is painful; a life of ease is not for any man, nor for any god.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading The life of all gods figures itself to us as a Sublime Sadness--earnestness of Infinite Battle against Infinite Labour.

aliveadjectiveUS /əˈlaɪv/

possessing life

From this reading For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

AlladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Happy All work, even cotton-spinning, is noble; work is alone noble: be that here said and asserted once more.

aloneadjectiveUS /əˈloʊn/

Having no one else present.

From this reading Happy All work, even cotton-spinning, is noble; work is alone noble: be that here said and asserted once more.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Happy All work, even cotton-spinning, is noble; work is alone noble: be that here said and asserted once more.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading And in like manner too all dignity is painful; a life of ease is not for any man, nor for any god.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The life of all gods figures itself to us as a Sublime Sadness--earnestness of Infinite Battle against Infinite Labour.

assertedadjectiveUS /əˈsɜːrtɪd/

confidently declared to be so

From this reading Happy All work, even cotton-spinning, is noble; work is alone noble: be that here said and asserted once more.

BattlenounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading The life of all gods figures itself to us as a Sublime Sadness--earnestness of Infinite Battle against Infinite Labour.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Happy All work, even cotton-spinning, is noble; work is alone noble: be that here said and asserted once more.

betteradjectiveUS /ˈbetər/

(comparative of “good”) superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another

From this reading For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

cotton-spinning

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Happy All work, even cotton-spinning, is noble; work is alone noble: be that here said and asserted once more.

crownnounUS /kraʊn/

the Crown (or the reigning monarch) as the symbol of the power and authority of a monarchy

From this reading For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

dignitynounUS /ˈdɪɡnəti/

the quality of being worthy of esteem or respect

From this reading And in like manner too all dignity is painful; a life of ease is not for any man, nor for any god.

earnestnessnounUS /ˈɜːrnəstnəs/

an earnest and sincere feeling

From this reading The life of all gods figures itself to us as a Sublime Sadness--earnestness of Infinite Battle against Infinite Labour.

easeverbUS /iːz/

move gently or carefully

From this reading And in like manner too all dignity is painful; a life of ease is not for any man, nor for any god.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading Happy All work, even cotton-spinning, is noble; work is alone noble: be that here said and asserted once more.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

feltverbUS /felt/

mat together and make felt-like

From this reading For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

figuresnounUS /ˈfɪɡjərz/

plural of “figure” — a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

From this reading The life of all gods figures itself to us as a Sublime Sadness--earnestness of Infinite Battle against Infinite Labour.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading And in like manner too all dignity is painful; a life of ease is not for any man, nor for any god.

godnounUS /ɡɑːd/

the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading And in like manner too all dignity is painful; a life of ease is not for any man, nor for any god.

godsnounUS /ɡɑːdz/

plural of “god” — the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading The life of all gods figures itself to us as a Sublime Sadness--earnestness of Infinite Battle against Infinite Labour.

HappyadjectiveUS /ˈhæpi/

enjoying or showing or marked by joy or pleasure

From this reading Happy All work, even cotton-spinning, is noble; work is alone noble: be that here said and asserted once more.

heartnounUS /hɑːrt/

the locus of feelings and intuitions

From this reading For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

hereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading Happy All work, even cotton-spinning, is noble; work is alone noble: be that here said and asserted once more.

highestadjectiveUS /ˈhaɪəst/

superlative of “high” — greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading Our highest religion is named the 'Worship of Sorrow.'

illadjectiveUS /ɪl/

affected by an impairment of normal physical or mental function

From this reading For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading And in like manner too all dignity is painful; a life of ease is not for any man, nor for any god.

InfiniteadjectiveUS /ˈɪnfənət/

having no limits or boundaries in time or space or extent or magnitude

From this reading The life of all gods figures itself to us as a Sublime Sadness--earnestness of Infinite Battle against Infinite Labour.

instinctsnounUS /ˈɪnstɪŋkts/

plural of “instinct” — inborn pattern of behavior often responsive to specific stimuli

From this reading For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Happy All work, even cotton-spinning, is noble; work is alone noble: be that here said and asserted once more.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading The life of all gods figures itself to us as a Sublime Sadness--earnestness of Infinite Battle against Infinite Labour.

knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/

apprehended with certainty

From this reading For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

LabournounUS /ˈleɪbər/

a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

From this reading The life of all gods figures itself to us as a Sublime Sadness--earnestness of Infinite Battle against Infinite Labour.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading And in like manner too all dignity is painful; a life of ease is not for any man, nor for any god.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading And in like manner too all dignity is painful; a life of ease is not for any man, nor for any god.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading And in like manner too all dignity is painful; a life of ease is not for any man, nor for any god.

mannernounUS /ˈmænər/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading And in like manner too all dignity is painful; a life of ease is not for any man, nor for any god.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Happy All work, even cotton-spinning, is noble; work is alone noble: be that here said and asserted once more.

namedverbUS /neɪmd/

past form of “name” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Our highest religion is named the 'Worship of Sorrow.'

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

nobleadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊbəl/

impressive in appearance

From this reading Happy All work, even cotton-spinning, is noble; work is alone noble: be that here said and asserted once more.

norconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading And in like manner too all dignity is painful; a life of ease is not for any man, nor for any god.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading And in like manner too all dignity is painful; a life of ease is not for any man, nor for any god.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading And in like manner too all dignity is painful; a life of ease is not for any man, nor for any god.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading Happy All work, even cotton-spinning, is noble; work is alone noble: be that here said and asserted once more.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

OurdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Our highest religion is named the 'Worship of Sorrow.'

painfuladjectiveUS /ˈpeɪnfəl/

causing physical or psychological pain

From this reading And in like manner too all dignity is painful; a life of ease is not for any man, nor for any god.

religionnounUS /rɪˈlɪdʒən/

a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny

From this reading Our highest religion is named the 'Worship of Sorrow.'

SadnessnounUS /ˈsædnəs/

emotions experienced when not in a state of well-being

From this reading The life of all gods figures itself to us as a Sublime Sadness--earnestness of Infinite Battle against Infinite Labour.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading Happy All work, even cotton-spinning, is noble; work is alone noble: be that here said and asserted once more.

sonnounUS /sʌn/

a male human offspring

From this reading For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

SorrownounUS /ˈsɑːroʊ/

an emotion of great sadness associated with loss or bereavement

From this reading Our highest religion is named the 'Worship of Sorrow.'

spokenadjectiveUS /ˈspoʊkən/

uttered through the medium of speech or characterized by speech; sometimes used in combination

From this reading For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

SublimeadjectiveUS /səˈblaɪm/

inspiring awe

From this reading The life of all gods figures itself to us as a Sublime Sadness--earnestness of Infinite Battle against Infinite Labour.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Happy All work, even cotton-spinning, is noble; work is alone noble: be that here said and asserted once more.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The life of all gods figures itself to us as a Sublime Sadness--earnestness of Infinite Battle against Infinite Labour.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

ThesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

thornsnounUS /θɔːrnz/

plural of “thorn” — something that causes irritation and annoyance

From this reading For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The life of all gods figures itself to us as a Sublime Sadness--earnestness of Infinite Battle against Infinite Labour.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading And in like manner too all dignity is painful; a life of ease is not for any man, nor for any god.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The life of all gods figures itself to us as a Sublime Sadness--earnestness of Infinite Battle against Infinite Labour.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

wordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading Happy All work, even cotton-spinning, is noble; work is alone noble: be that here said and asserted once more.

wornverbUS /wɔːrn/

Damaged or thinned by continuous use.

From this reading For the son of man there is no noble crown, well worn, or even ill worn, but is a crown of thorns!--These things, in spoken words, or still better, in felt instincts alive in every heart, were once well known.

WorshipverbUS /ˈwɜːrʃəp/

love unquestioningly and uncritically or to excess; venerate as an idol

From this reading Our highest religion is named the 'Worship of Sorrow.'

Chapter 23 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle holds 52 sentences, grouped into 11 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 23 of Past and Present contain?

Chapter 23 holds 52 sentences of Past and Present, unabridged, divided into 11 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 23 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 52 sentences, grouped into 11 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 23 of Past and Present?

Work through the 11 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 11 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 23 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 23 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Past and Present

Common questions about reading Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Past and Present?

Yes. All 4084 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #13534 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Past and Present is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #13534, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Past and Present take to read?

About 340 minutes of reading across 817 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Past and Present section by section

How to work through Past and Present section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Past and Present to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Past and Present

Words and structures a reader meets early in Past and Present, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Example
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Other
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fable
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sphinx
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.