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Past and Present
Past and Present

Chapter XXVI · Chapter 26

Chapter 26 of Past and Present is here in full — 56 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Past and Present
Context Illustration Reading 1/11 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'
Over-production: runs it not so?
"Ye miscellaneous, ignoble manufacturing individuals, ye have produced too much!
We accuse you of making above two-hundred thousand shirts for the bare backs of mankind.
Your trousers too, which you have made, of fustian, of cassimere, of Scotch- plaid, of jane, nankeen and woollen broadcloth, are they not manifold?
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Past and Present

Chapter XXVI · Chapter 26

Chapter 26 of Past and Present is here in full — 56 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/11 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'
Line 2
Over-production: runs it not so?
Line 3
"Ye miscellaneous, ignoble manufacturing individuals, ye have produced too much!
/jiː ˌmɪsəˈleɪniəs ˌɪɡˈnoʊbəl ˌmænjəˈfæktʃərɪŋ ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəlz jiː hæv prəˈduːst tuː mʌtʃ/
Line 4
We accuse you of making above two-hundred thousand shirts for the bare backs of mankind.
Line 5
Your trousers too, which you have made, of fustian, of cassimere, of Scotch- plaid, of jane, nankeen and woollen broadcloth, are they not manifold?

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

fustian noun US /ˈfʌstiːən/

pompous or pretentious talk or writing

From this reading “Your trousers too, which you have made, of fustian, of cassimere, of Scotch- plaid, of jane, nankeen and woollen broadcloth, are they not manifold?”

Governing adjective US /ˈɡʌvərnɪŋ/

responsible for making and enforcing rules and laws

From this reading “Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'”

indictment noun US /ˌɪnˈdaɪtmənt/

a formal document written for a prosecuting attorney charging a person with some offense

From this reading “Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'”

manufacturing noun US /ˌmænjəˈfæktʃərɪŋ/

the act of making something (a product) from raw materials

From this reading “"Ye miscellaneous, ignoble manufacturing individuals, ye have produced too much!”

miscellaneous adjective US /ˌmɪsəˈleɪniəs/

consisting of a haphazard assortment of different kinds

From this reading “"Ye miscellaneous, ignoble manufacturing individuals, ye have produced too much!”

Overproduction noun US /ˈoʊvərprəˈdʌkʃən/

too much production or more than expected

From this reading “Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'”

plaid noun US /plæd/

a cloth having a crisscross design

From this reading “Your trousers too, which you have made, of fustian, of cassimere, of Scotch- plaid, of jane, nankeen and woollen broadcloth, are they not manifold?”

reflective adjective US /rɪˈflektɪv/

deeply or seriously thoughtful

From this reading “Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'”

All words in this reading · 63

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading We accuse you of making above two-hundred thousand shirts for the bare backs of mankind.

accuseverbUS /əˈkjuːz/

bring an accusation against; level a charge against

From this reading We accuse you of making above two-hundred thousand shirts for the bare backs of mankind.

addressingverbUS /əˈdresɪŋ/

-ing form of “address” — speak to

From this reading Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Your trousers too, which you have made, of fustian, of cassimere, of Scotch- plaid, of jane, nankeen and woollen broadcloth, are they not manifold?

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Your trousers too, which you have made, of fustian, of cassimere, of Scotch- plaid, of jane, nankeen and woollen broadcloth, are they not manifold?

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'

backsnounUS /bæks/

plural of “back” — the posterior part of a human (or animal) body from the neck to the end of the spine

From this reading We accuse you of making above two-hundred thousand shirts for the bare backs of mankind.

bareadjectiveUS /ber/

completely unclothed

From this reading We accuse you of making above two-hundred thousand shirts for the bare backs of mankind.

broadclothnoun

a densely textured woolen fabric with a lustrous finish

From this reading Your trousers too, which you have made, of fustian, of cassimere, of Scotch- plaid, of jane, nankeen and woollen broadcloth, are they not manifold?

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'

cassimere

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Your trousers too, which you have made, of fustian, of cassimere, of Scotch- plaid, of jane, nankeen and woollen broadcloth, are they not manifold?

ClassnounUS /klæs/

a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading We accuse you of making above two-hundred thousand shirts for the bare backs of mankind.

fustiannounUS /ˈfʌstiːən/

pompous or pretentious talk or writing

From this reading Your trousers too, which you have made, of fustian, of cassimere, of Scotch- plaid, of jane, nankeen and woollen broadcloth, are they not manifold?

GoverningadjectiveUS /ˈɡʌvərnɪŋ/

responsible for making and enforcing rules and laws

From this reading Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading "Ye miscellaneous, ignoble manufacturing individuals, ye have produced too much!

ignobleadjectiveUS /ˌɪɡˈnoʊbəl/

completely lacking nobility in character or quality or purpose

From this reading "Ye miscellaneous, ignoble manufacturing individuals, ye have produced too much!

indictmentnounUS /ˌɪnˈdaɪtmənt/

a formal document written for a prosecuting attorney charging a person with some offense

From this reading Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'

individualsnounUS /ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəlz/

plural of “individual” — a human being

From this reading "Ye miscellaneous, ignoble manufacturing individuals, ye have produced too much!

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Over-production: runs it not so?

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'

jane

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Your trousers too, which you have made, of fustian, of cassimere, of Scotch- plaid, of jane, nankeen and woollen broadcloth, are they not manifold?

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading Your trousers too, which you have made, of fustian, of cassimere, of Scotch- plaid, of jane, nankeen and woollen broadcloth, are they not manifold?

makingnounUS /ˈmeɪkɪŋ/

the act that results in something coming to be

From this reading We accuse you of making above two-hundred thousand shirts for the bare backs of mankind.

manifoldnounUS /ˈmænəfoʊld/

a pipe that has several lateral outlets to or from other pipes

From this reading Your trousers too, which you have made, of fustian, of cassimere, of Scotch- plaid, of jane, nankeen and woollen broadcloth, are they not manifold?

mankindnounUS /ˈmænˈkaɪnd/

all of the living human inhabitants of the earth

From this reading We accuse you of making above two-hundred thousand shirts for the bare backs of mankind.

manufacturingnounUS /ˌmænjəˈfæktʃərɪŋ/

the act of making something (a product) from raw materials

From this reading "Ye miscellaneous, ignoble manufacturing individuals, ye have produced too much!

miscellaneousadjectiveUS /ˌmɪsəˈleɪniəs/

consisting of a haphazard assortment of different kinds

From this reading "Ye miscellaneous, ignoble manufacturing individuals, ye have produced too much!

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading "Ye miscellaneous, ignoble manufacturing individuals, ye have produced too much!

nankeennoun

a durable fabric formerly loomed by hand in China from natural cotton having a yellowish color

From this reading Your trousers too, which you have made, of fustian, of cassimere, of Scotch- plaid, of jane, nankeen and woollen broadcloth, are they not manifold?

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Over-production: runs it not so?

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'

ourspronounUS /ˈaʊərz/

the one or ones belonging to us

From this reading Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'

Over-Production

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'

OverproductionnounUS /ˈoʊvərprəˈdʌkʃən/

too much production or more than expected

From this reading Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'

plaidnounUS /plæd/

a cloth having a crisscross design

From this reading Your trousers too, which you have made, of fustian, of cassimere, of Scotch- plaid, of jane, nankeen and woollen broadcloth, are they not manifold?

producedverbUS /prəˈduːst/

past form of “produce” — bring forth or yield

From this reading "Ye miscellaneous, ignoble manufacturing individuals, ye have produced too much!

readersnounUS /ˈriːdərz/

plural of “reader” — a person who enjoys reading

From this reading Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'

reflectiveadjectiveUS /rɪˈflektɪv/

deeply or seriously thoughtful

From this reading Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'

runsnounUS /rʌnz/

plural of “run” — a score in baseball made by a runner touching all four bases safely

From this reading Over-production: runs it not so?

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'

ScotchnounUS /skɑːtʃ/

a slight surface cut (especially a notch that is made to keep a tally)

From this reading Your trousers too, which you have made, of fustian, of cassimere, of Scotch- plaid, of jane, nankeen and woollen broadcloth, are they not manifold?

shirtsnounUS /ʃɜːrts/

plural of “shirt” — a garment worn on the upper half of the body

From this reading We accuse you of making above two-hundred thousand shirts for the bare backs of mankind.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Over-production: runs it not so?

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading We accuse you of making above two-hundred thousand shirts for the bare backs of mankind.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Your trousers too, which you have made, of fustian, of cassimere, of Scotch- plaid, of jane, nankeen and woollen broadcloth, are they not manifold?

thousandnounUS /ˈθaʊzənd/

the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100

From this reading We accuse you of making above two-hundred thousand shirts for the bare backs of mankind.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading "Ye miscellaneous, ignoble manufacturing individuals, ye have produced too much!

trousersnounUS /ˈtraʊzərz/

(usually in the plural) a garment extending from the waist to the knee or ankle, covering each leg separately

From this reading Your trousers too, which you have made, of fustian, of cassimere, of Scotch- plaid, of jane, nankeen and woollen broadcloth, are they not manifold?

two-hundred

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We accuse you of making above two-hundred thousand shirts for the bare backs of mankind.

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading We accuse you of making above two-hundred thousand shirts for the bare backs of mankind.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Your trousers too, which you have made, of fustian, of cassimere, of Scotch- plaid, of jane, nankeen and woollen broadcloth, are they not manifold?

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'

woollennounUS /ˈwʊlən/

a fabric made from the hair of sheep

From this reading Your trousers too, which you have made, of fustian, of cassimere, of Scotch- plaid, of jane, nankeen and woollen broadcloth, are they not manifold?

WorkersnounUS /ˈwɜːrkərz/

plural of “worker” — a person who works at a specific occupation

From this reading Over-Production But what will reflective readers say of a Governing Class, such as ours, addressing its Workers with an indictment of 'Overproduction!'

YepronounUS /jiː/

an old word for “you”, speaking to more than one person

From this reading "Ye miscellaneous, ignoble manufacturing individuals, ye have produced too much!

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading We accuse you of making above two-hundred thousand shirts for the bare backs of mankind.

YourdeterminerUS /jɔːr/

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading Your trousers too, which you have made, of fustian, of cassimere, of Scotch- plaid, of jane, nankeen and woollen broadcloth, are they not manifold?

Chapter 26 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle holds 56 sentences, grouped into 12 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 26 of Past and Present contain?

Chapter 26 holds 56 sentences of Past and Present, unabridged, divided into 12 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 26 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 56 sentences, grouped into 12 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 26 of Past and Present?

Work through the 12 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 12 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 26 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 26 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Past and Present

Common questions about reading Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Past and Present?

Yes. All 4084 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #13534 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Past and Present is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #13534, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Past and Present take to read?

About 340 minutes of reading across 817 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Past and Present section by section

How to work through Past and Present section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Past and Present to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Past and Present

Words and structures a reader meets early in Past and Present, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Example
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Other
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fable
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sphinx
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.