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Past and Present
Past and Present

Chapter XXVII · Chapter 27

Chapter 27 of Past and Present is here in full — 105 sentences across 21 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/21 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.
It is in these days as it was in those of Henry Plantagenet and Abbot Samson; as it will in all days be.
The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!
The Hill I first saw the Sun rise over, when the Sun and I and all things were yet in their auroral hour, who can divorce me from it?
Mystic, deep as the world's centre, are the roots I have struck into my Native Soil; no _tree_ that grows is rooted so.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Past and Present

Chapter XXVII · Chapter 27

Chapter 27 of Past and Present is here in full — 105 sentences across 21 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/21 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.
Line 2
It is in these days as it was in those of Henry Plantagenet and Abbot Samson; as it will in all days be.
Line 3
The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!
Line 4
The Hill I first saw the Sun rise over, when the Sun and I and all things were yet in their auroral hour, who can divorce me from it?
/ðə hɪl aɪ fɜːrst sɔː ðə sʌn raɪz ˈoʊvər wen ðə sʌn ənd aɪ ənd ɔːl θɪŋz wɜːr jet ɪn ðer ərˈɔːrəl ˈaʊər huː kæn dɪˈvɔːrs miː frʌm ɪt/
Line 5
Mystic, deep as the world's centre, are the roots I have struck into my Native Soil; no _tree_ that grows is rooted so.
/ˈmɪstɪk diːp æz ðə wɜːrldz ˈsentər ɑːr ðə ruːts aɪ hæv strʌk ˈɪntuː maɪ ˈneɪtɪv sɔɪl noʊ triː ðæt ɡroʊz ɪz ˈruːtəd soʊ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

auroral adjective US /ərˈɔːrəl/

of or relating to the atmospheric phenomenon auroras

From this reading “The Hill I first saw the Sun rise over, when the Sun and I and all things were yet in their auroral hour, who can divorce me from it?”

enfold verb US /ɪnˈfoʊld/

enclose or enfold completely with or as if with a covering

From this reading “The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!”

enriches verb US /enˈrɪtʃɪz/

third-person singular of “enrich” — make better or improve in quality

From this reading “The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!”

lovingly adverb US /ˈlʌvɪŋli/

with fondness; with love

From this reading “The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!”

nourishes verb US /ˈnɜːrɪʃəz/

third-person singular of “nourish” — provide with nourishment

From this reading “The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!”

rooted adjective US /ˈruːtəd/

absolutely still

From this reading “Mystic, deep as the world's centre, are the roots I have struck into my Native Soil; no _tree_ that grows is rooted so.”

Samson noun US /ˈsæmsən/

(Old Testament) a judge of Israel who performed herculean feats of strength against the Philistines until he was betrayed to them by his mistress Delilah

From this reading “It is in these days as it was in those of Henry Plantagenet and Abbot Samson; as it will in all days be.”

shelters noun US /ˈʃeltərz/

plural of “shelter” — a structure that provides privacy and protection from danger

From this reading “The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!”

All words in this reading · 98

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AbbotnounUS /ˈæbət/

the superior of an abbey of monks

From this reading It is in these days as it was in those of Henry Plantagenet and Abbot Samson; as it will in all days be.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading It is in these days as it was in those of Henry Plantagenet and Abbot Samson; as it will in all days be.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading It is in these days as it was in those of Henry Plantagenet and Abbot Samson; as it will in all days be.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Mystic, deep as the world's centre, are the roots I have struck into my Native Soil; no _tree_ that grows is rooted so.

AristocracynounUS /ˌerəˈstɑːkrəsi/

a privileged class holding hereditary titles

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading It is in these days as it was in those of Henry Plantagenet and Abbot Samson; as it will in all days be.

auroraladjectiveUS /ərˈɔːrəl/

of or relating to the atmospheric phenomenon auroras

From this reading The Hill I first saw the Sun rise over, when the Sun and I and all things were yet in their auroral hour, who can divorce me from it?

basisnounUS /ˈbeɪsəs/

a relation that provides the foundation for something

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading It is in these days as it was in those of Henry Plantagenet and Abbot Samson; as it will in all days be.

blessedadjectiveUS /blest/

highly favored or fortunate (as e.g. by divine grace)

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading The Hill I first saw the Sun rise over, when the Sun and I and all things were yet in their auroral hour, who can divorce me from it?

centrenounUS /ˈsentər/

a low-lying region in central France

From this reading Mystic, deep as the world's centre, are the roots I have struck into my Native Soil; no _tree_ that grows is rooted so.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading It is in these days as it was in those of Henry Plantagenet and Abbot Samson; as it will in all days be.

deepadjectiveUS /diːp/

relatively deep or strong; affecting one deeply

From this reading Mystic, deep as the world's centre, are the roots I have struck into my Native Soil; no _tree_ that grows is rooted so.

divorceverbUS /dɪˈvɔːrs/

part; cease or break association with

From this reading The Hill I first saw the Sun rise over, when the Sun and I and all things were yet in their auroral hour, who can divorce me from it?

doesauxiliary verbUS /dʌz/

the form of “do” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

emphaticallyadverbUS /emˈfætɪkli/

without question and beyond doubt

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

enfoldverbUS /ɪnˈfoʊld/

enclose or enfold completely with or as if with a covering

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

enrichesverbUS /enˈrɪtʃɪz/

third-person singular of “enrich” — make better or improve in quality

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

gladdens

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

GovernornounUS /ˈɡʌvərnər/

the head of a state government

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

growsverbUS /ɡroʊz/

third-person singular of “grow” — pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become

From this reading Mystic, deep as the world's centre, are the roots I have struck into my Native Soil; no _tree_ that grows is rooted so.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Mystic, deep as the world's centre, are the roots I have struck into my Native Soil; no _tree_ that grows is rooted so.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

HenrynounUS /ˈhenri/

a unit of inductance in which an induced electromotive force of one volt is produced when the current is varied at the rate of one ampere per second

From this reading It is in these days as it was in those of Henry Plantagenet and Abbot Samson; as it will in all days be.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

HillnounUS /hɪl/

a local and well-defined elevation of the land

From this reading The Hill I first saw the Sun rise over, when the Sun and I and all things were yet in their auroral hour, who can divorce me from it?

hournounUS /ˈaʊər/

a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day

From this reading The Hill I first saw the Sun rise over, when the Sun and I and all things were yet in their auroral hour, who can divorce me from it?

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading The Hill I first saw the Sun rise over, when the Sun and I and all things were yet in their auroral hour, who can divorce me from it?

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading It is in these days as it was in those of Henry Plantagenet and Abbot Samson; as it will in all days be.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Mystic, deep as the world's centre, are the roots I have struck into my Native Soil; no _tree_ that grows is rooted so.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

LandnounUS /lænd/

the land on which real estate is located

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

lovinglyadverbUS /ˈlʌvɪŋli/

with fondness; with love

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The Hill I first saw the Sun rise over, when the Sun and I and all things were yet in their auroral hour, who can divorce me from it?

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

MothernounUS /ˈmʌðər/

a woman who has given birth to a child (also used as a term of address to your mother)

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

mother-arms

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

mother-bosom

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading Mystic, deep as the world's centre, are the roots I have struck into my Native Soil; no _tree_ that grows is rooted so.

MysticadjectiveUS /ˈmɪstɪk/

having an import not apparent to the senses nor obvious to the intelligence; beyond ordinary understanding

From this reading Mystic, deep as the world's centre, are the roots I have struck into my Native Soil; no _tree_ that grows is rooted so.

NativeadjectiveUS /ˈneɪtɪv/

characteristic of or existing by virtue of geographic origin

From this reading Mystic, deep as the world's centre, are the roots I have struck into my Native Soil; no _tree_ that grows is rooted so.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Mystic, deep as the world's centre, are the roots I have struck into my Native Soil; no _tree_ that grows is rooted so.

nourishesverbUS /ˈnɜːrɪʃəz/

third-person singular of “nourish” — provide with nourishment

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading The Hill I first saw the Sun rise over, when the Sun and I and all things were yet in their auroral hour, who can divorce me from it?

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

Plantagenetnoun

the family name of a line of English kings that reigned from 1154 to 1485

From this reading It is in these days as it was in those of Henry Plantagenet and Abbot Samson; as it will in all days be.

possessesverbUS /pəˈzesəz/

third-person singular of “possess” — have as an attribute, knowledge, or skill

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

rightadverbUS /raɪt/

precisely, exactly

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

riseverbUS /raɪz/

move upward

From this reading The Hill I first saw the Sun rise over, when the Sun and I and all things were yet in their auroral hour, who can divorce me from it?

rootedadjectiveUS /ˈruːtəd/

absolutely still

From this reading Mystic, deep as the world's centre, are the roots I have struck into my Native Soil; no _tree_ that grows is rooted so.

rootsnounUS /ruːts/

the condition of belonging to a particular place or group by virtue of social or ethnic or cultural lineage

From this reading Mystic, deep as the world's centre, are the roots I have struck into my Native Soil; no _tree_ that grows is rooted so.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

SamsonnounUS /ˈsæmsən/

(Old Testament) a judge of Israel who performed herculean feats of strength against the Philistines until he was betrayed to them by his mistress Delilah

From this reading It is in these days as it was in those of Henry Plantagenet and Abbot Samson; as it will in all days be.

sawverbUS /sɔː/

cut with a saw

From this reading The Hill I first saw the Sun rise over, when the Sun and I and all things were yet in their auroral hour, who can divorce me from it?

shepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

sheltersnounUS /ˈʃeltərz/

plural of “shelter” — a structure that provides privacy and protection from danger

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

sleepnounUS /sliːp/

a natural and periodic state of rest during which consciousness of the world is suspended

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Mystic, deep as the world's centre, are the roots I have struck into my Native Soil; no _tree_ that grows is rooted so.

SoilnounUS /sɔɪl/

the state of being covered with unclean things

From this reading Mystic, deep as the world's centre, are the roots I have struck into my Native Soil; no _tree_ that grows is rooted so.

struckadjectiveUS /strʌk/

(used in combination) affected by something overwhelming

From this reading Mystic, deep as the world's centre, are the roots I have struck into my Native Soil; no _tree_ that grows is rooted so.

SunnounUS /sʌn/

the star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system

From this reading The Hill I first saw the Sun rise over, when the Sun and I and all things were yet in their auroral hour, who can divorce me from it?

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Mystic, deep as the world's centre, are the roots I have struck into my Native Soil; no _tree_ that grows is rooted so.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The Hill I first saw the Sun rise over, when the Sun and I and all things were yet in their auroral hour, who can divorce me from it?

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading It is in these days as it was in those of Henry Plantagenet and Abbot Samson; as it will in all days be.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading The Hill I first saw the Sun rise over, when the Sun and I and all things were yet in their auroral hour, who can divorce me from it?

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading It is in these days as it was in those of Henry Plantagenet and Abbot Samson; as it will in all days be.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

treenounUS /triː/

a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms

From this reading Mystic, deep as the world's centre, are the roots I have struck into my Native Soil; no _tree_ that grows is rooted so.

Unworking

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

Viceking

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

wakeningnoun

the act of waking

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is in these days as it was in those of Henry Plantagenet and Abbot Samson; as it will in all days be.

waysnounUS /weɪz/

structure consisting of a sloping way down to the water from the place where ships are built or repaired

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The Hill I first saw the Sun rise over, when the Sun and I and all things were yet in their auroral hour, who can divorce me from it?

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading The Hill I first saw the Sun rise over, when the Sun and I and all things were yet in their auroral hour, who can divorce me from it?

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading The Hill I first saw the Sun rise over, when the Sun and I and all things were yet in their auroral hour, who can divorce me from it?

whoever

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Unworking Aristocracy It is well said, 'Land is the right basis of an Aristocracy;' whoever possesses the Land, he, more emphatically than any other, is the Governor, Viceking of the people on the Land.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading It is in these days as it was in those of Henry Plantagenet and Abbot Samson; as it will in all days be.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The Land is _Mother_ of us all; nourishes, shelters, gladdens, lovingly enriches us all; in how many ways, from our first wakening to our last sleep on her blessed mother-bosom, does she, as with blessed mother-arms, enfold us all!

world'snounUS /wɜːrldz/

possessive form of “world” — everything that exists anywhere

From this reading Mystic, deep as the world's centre, are the roots I have struck into my Native Soil; no _tree_ that grows is rooted so.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading The Hill I first saw the Sun rise over, when the Sun and I and all things were yet in their auroral hour, who can divorce me from it?

Chapter 27 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle holds 105 sentences, grouped into 21 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 27 of Past and Present contain?

Chapter 27 holds 105 sentences of Past and Present, unabridged, divided into 21 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 27 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 105 sentences, grouped into 21 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 27 of Past and Present?

Work through the 21 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 21 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 27 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 27 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Past and Present

Common questions about reading Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Past and Present?

Yes. All 4084 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #13534 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Past and Present is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #13534, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Past and Present take to read?

About 340 minutes of reading across 817 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Past and Present section by section

How to work through Past and Present section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Past and Present to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Past and Present

Words and structures a reader meets early in Past and Present, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Example
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Other
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fable
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sphinx
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.