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Past and Present
Past and Present

Chapter XXIX · Chapter 29

Chapter 29 of Past and Present is here in full — 64 sentences across 13 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/12 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Labour For there is a perennial nobleness, and even sacredness, in Work.
Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.
Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.
The latest Gospel in this world is, Know thy work and do it.
'Know thyself:' long enough has that poor 'self' of thine tormented thee; thou wilt never get to 'know' it, I believe!
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Past and Present

Chapter XXIX · Chapter 29

Chapter 29 of Past and Present is here in full — 64 sentences across 13 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/12 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Labour For there is a perennial nobleness, and even sacredness, in Work.
Line 2
Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.
/wɜːr hiː ˈnevər soʊ bɪˈnaɪtɪd fɔːrˈɡetfəl ʌv hɪz haɪ ˈkɔːlɪŋ ðer ɪz ˈɔːlweɪz hoʊp ɪn ə mæn ðæt ˈæktʃuːəli ənd ˈɜːrnəstli wɜːrks ɪn ˈaɪdəlnəs əˈloʊn ɪz ðer pərˈpetʃuːəl dɪˈsper/
Line 3
Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.
Line 4
The latest Gospel in this world is, Know thy work and do it.
/ðə ˈleɪtəst ˈɡɑːspəl ɪn ðɪs wɜːrld ɪz noʊ ðaɪ wɜːrk ənd duː ɪt/
Line 5
'Know thyself:' long enough has that poor 'self' of thine tormented thee; thou wilt never get to 'know' it, I believe!

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

appointments noun US /əˈpɔɪntmənts/

plural of “appointment” — the act of putting a person into a non-elective position

From this reading “Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.”

benighted adjective US /bɪˈnaɪtɪd/

overtaken by night or darkness

From this reading “Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.”

forgetful adjective US /fɔːrˈɡetfəl/

(of memory) deficient in retentiveness or range

From this reading “Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.”

Nature's noun US /ˈneɪtʃərz/

possessive form of “nature” — the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading “Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.”

perennial adjective US /pərˈeniəl/

lasting three seasons or more

From this reading “Labour For there is a perennial nobleness, and even sacredness, in Work.”

regulations noun US /ˌreɡjəˈleɪʃənz/

plural of “regulation” — an authoritative rule

From this reading “Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.”

sacredness noun US /ˈseɪkrɪdnɪs/

the quality of being sacred

From this reading “Labour For there is a perennial nobleness, and even sacredness, in Work.”

tormented adjective US /ˈtɔːrmentɪd/

experiencing intense pain especially mental pain

From this reading “'Know thyself:' long enough has that poor 'self' of thine tormented thee; thou wilt never get to 'know' it, I believe!”

All words in this reading · 76

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Labour For there is a perennial nobleness, and even sacredness, in Work.

actuallyadverbUS /ˈæktʃuːəli/

in actual fact

From this reading Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.

aloneadjectiveUS /əˈloʊn/

Having no one else present.

From this reading Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Labour For there is a perennial nobleness, and even sacredness, in Work.

appointmentsnounUS /əˈpɔɪntmənts/

plural of “appointment” — the act of putting a person into a non-elective position

From this reading Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.

believeverbUS /bɪˈliːv/

accept as true; take to be true

From this reading 'Know thyself:' long enough has that poor 'self' of thine tormented thee; thou wilt never get to 'know' it, I believe!

benightedadjectiveUS /bɪˈnaɪtɪd/

overtaken by night or darkness

From this reading Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.

callingnounUS /ˈkɔːlɪŋ/

the particular occupation for which you are trained

From this reading Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.

communicationnounUS /kəˌmjuːnəˈkeɪʃən/

the activity of communicating; the activity of conveying information

From this reading Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.

desirenounUS /dɪˈzaɪər/

the feeling that accompanies an unsatisfied state

From this reading Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.

despairnounUS /dɪˈsper/

a state in which all hope is lost or absent

From this reading Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading The latest Gospel in this world is, Know thy work and do it.

doneadjectiveUS /dʌn/

having finished or arrived at completion

From this reading Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.

earnestlyadverbUS /ˈɜːrnəstli/

in a serious manner

From this reading Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.

enoughnounUS /ɪˈnʌf/

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading 'Know thyself:' long enough has that poor 'self' of thine tormented thee; thou wilt never get to 'know' it, I believe!

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading Labour For there is a perennial nobleness, and even sacredness, in Work.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Labour For there is a perennial nobleness, and even sacredness, in Work.

forgetfuladjectiveUS /fɔːrˈɡetfəl/

(of memory) deficient in retentiveness or range

From this reading Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.

getverbUS /ɡet/

come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

From this reading Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.

GospelnounUS /ˈɡɑːspəl/

the four books in the New Testament (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) that tell the story of Christ's life and teachings

From this reading The latest Gospel in this world is, Know thy work and do it.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading 'Know thyself:' long enough has that poor 'self' of thine tormented thee; thou wilt never get to 'know' it, I believe!

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.

highadjectiveUS /haɪ/

greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.

hopenounUS /hoʊp/

a specific instance of feeling hopeful

From this reading Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading 'Know thyself:' long enough has that poor 'self' of thine tormented thee; thou wilt never get to 'know' it, I believe!

IdlenessnounUS /ˈaɪdəlnəs/

having no employment

From this reading Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Labour For there is a perennial nobleness, and even sacredness, in Work.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Labour For there is a perennial nobleness, and even sacredness, in Work.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The latest Gospel in this world is, Know thy work and do it.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.

KnowverbUS /noʊ/

be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading The latest Gospel in this world is, Know thy work and do it.

LabournounUS /ˈleɪbər/

a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

From this reading Labour For there is a perennial nobleness, and even sacredness, in Work.

latestadjectiveUS /ˈleɪtəst/

up to the immediate present; most recent or most up-to-date

From this reading The latest Gospel in this world is, Know thy work and do it.

leadverbUS /led/

take somebody somewhere

From this reading Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading 'Know thyself:' long enough has that poor 'self' of thine tormented thee; thou wilt never get to 'know' it, I believe!

Mammonish

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.

meanverbUS /miːn/

mean or intend to express or convey

From this reading Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.

NaturenounUS /ˈneɪtʃər/

the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.

Nature'snounUS /ˈneɪtʃərz/

possessive form of “nature” — the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.

noblenessnoun

the quality of elevation of mind and exaltation of character or ideals or conduct

From this reading Labour For there is a perennial nobleness, and even sacredness, in Work.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.

perennialadjectiveUS /pərˈeniəl/

lasting three seasons or more

From this reading Labour For there is a perennial nobleness, and even sacredness, in Work.

perpetualadjectiveUS /pərˈpetʃuːəl/

continuing forever or indefinitely

From this reading Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.

pooradjectiveUS /puːr/

deserving or inciting pity

From this reading 'Know thyself:' long enough has that poor 'self' of thine tormented thee; thou wilt never get to 'know' it, I believe!

realadjectiveUS /riːl/

being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory

From this reading Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.

regulationsnounUS /ˌreɡjəˈleɪʃənz/

plural of “regulation” — an authoritative rule

From this reading Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.

sacrednessnounUS /ˈseɪkrɪdnɪs/

the quality of being sacred

From this reading Labour For there is a perennial nobleness, and even sacredness, in Work.

selfnounUS /self/

your consciousness of your own identity

From this reading 'Know thyself:' long enough has that poor 'self' of thine tormented thee; thou wilt never get to 'know' it, I believe!

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.

theepronounUS /ðiː/

an old word for “you”, as the object, speaking to one person

From this reading 'Know thyself:' long enough has that poor 'self' of thine tormented thee; thou wilt never get to 'know' it, I believe!

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading Labour For there is a perennial nobleness, and even sacredness, in Work.

thinepronounUS /ðaɪn/

an old word for “yours”

From this reading 'Know thyself:' long enough has that poor 'self' of thine tormented thee; thou wilt never get to 'know' it, I believe!

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The latest Gospel in this world is, Know thy work and do it.

thoupronounUS /ðaʊ/

an old word for “you”, as the subject, speaking to one person

From this reading 'Know thyself:' long enough has that poor 'self' of thine tormented thee; thou wilt never get to 'know' it, I believe!

thydeterminerUS /ðaɪ/

an old word for “your”, speaking to one person

From this reading The latest Gospel in this world is, Know thy work and do it.

thyself

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 'Know thyself:' long enough has that poor 'self' of thine tormented thee; thou wilt never get to 'know' it, I believe!

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.

tormentedadjectiveUS /ˈtɔːrmentɪd/

experiencing intense pain especially mental pain

From this reading 'Know thyself:' long enough has that poor 'self' of thine tormented thee; thou wilt never get to 'know' it, I believe!

truthnounUS /truːθ/

a fact that has been verified

From this reading Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.

Wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.

wiltmodal verbUS /wɪlt/

an old form of “will”, used with “thou”

From this reading 'Know thyself:' long enough has that poor 'self' of thine tormented thee; thou wilt never get to 'know' it, I believe!

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Work, never so Mammonish, mean, is in communication with Nature; the real desire to get Work done will itself lead one more and more to truth, to Nature's appointments and regulations, which are truth.

WorkverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading Labour For there is a perennial nobleness, and even sacredness, in Work.

worksnounUS /wɜːrks/

buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading Were he never so benighted, forgetful of his high calling, there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works: in Idleness alone is there perpetual despair.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading The latest Gospel in this world is, Know thy work and do it.

Chapter 29 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle holds 64 sentences, grouped into 13 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 29 of Past and Present contain?

Chapter 29 holds 64 sentences of Past and Present, unabridged, divided into 13 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 29 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 64 sentences, grouped into 13 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 29 of Past and Present?

Work through the 13 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 13 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 29 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 29 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Past and Present

Common questions about reading Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Past and Present?

Yes. All 4084 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #13534 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Past and Present is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #13534, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Past and Present take to read?

About 340 minutes of reading across 817 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Past and Present section by section

How to work through Past and Present section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Past and Present to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Past and Present

Words and structures a reader meets early in Past and Present, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Example
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Other
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fable
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sphinx
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.