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Past and Present
Past and Present

Chapter XXXV · Chapter 35

Chapter 35 of Past and Present is here in full — 72 sentences across 15 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/14 · 5 lines
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Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.
A conclusion not a little startling; to which it requires a practical mind of some seasoning to reconcile yourself at once!
It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.
Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!
Once more, a very startling conclusion indeed; which, whatever the soundest practical minds in parliament may think of it, invites all British men to meditations of various kinds.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Past and Present

Chapter XXXV · Chapter 35

Chapter 35 of Past and Present is here in full — 72 sentences across 15 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/14 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.
/ˈbraɪbəri kəˈmɪti ɪn ðə keɪs ʌv ðə leɪt ˈbraɪbəri kəˈmɪti ɪt siːmd tuː biː ðə kənˈkluːʒən ʌv ðə ˈsaʊndəst ˈpræktəkəl maɪndz ðæt ˈbraɪbəri kʊd nɑːt biː pʊt daʊn ðæt pjʊr ɪˈlekʃən wɑːz ə θɪŋ wiː hæd siːn ðə læst ʌv ənd mʌst naʊ ɡoʊ ɑːn wɪˈθaʊt æz wiː best kʊd/
Line 2
A conclusion not a little startling; to which it requires a practical mind of some seasoning to reconcile yourself at once!
/ə kənˈkluːʒən nɑːt ə ˈlɪtəl ˈstɑːrtlɪŋ tuː wɪtʃ ɪt riˈkwaɪərz ə ˈpræktəkəl maɪnd ʌv sʌm ˈsiːzənɪŋ tuː ˈrekənsaɪl jərˈself æt wʌns/
Line 3
It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.
Line 4
Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!
Line 5
Once more, a very startling conclusion indeed; which, whatever the soundest practical minds in parliament may think of it, invites all British men to meditations of various kinds.
/wʌns mɔːr ə ˈveri ˈstɑːrtlɪŋ kənˈkluːʒən ˌɪnˈdiːd wɪtʃ ˌwʌˈtevər ðə ˈsaʊndəst ˈpræktəkəl maɪndz ɪn ˈpɑːrləmənt meɪ θɪŋk ʌv ɪt ˌɪnˈvaɪts ɔːl ˈbrɪtɪʃ men tuː ˌmedɪˈteɪʃənz ʌv ˈveriəs kaɪndz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

bribery noun US /ˈbraɪbəri/

the practice of offering something (usually money) in order to gain an illicit advantage

From this reading “Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.”

Franchise noun US /ˈfræntʃaɪz/

an authorization to sell a company's goods or services in a particular place

From this reading “Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!”

invites noun US /ˌɪnˈvaɪts/

plural of “invite” — a colloquial expression for invitation

From this reading “Once more, a very startling conclusion indeed; which, whatever the soundest practical minds in parliament may think of it, invites all British men to meditations of various kinds.”

irremediable adjective US /ˌɪrɪˈmiːdiəbəl/

impossible to remedy or correct or redress

From this reading “Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!”

Legislators noun US /ˈledʒəsleɪtərz/

plural of “legislator” — someone who makes or enacts laws

From this reading “It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.”

seasoning noun US /ˈsiːzənɪŋ/

something added to food primarily for the savor it imparts

From this reading “A conclusion not a little startling; to which it requires a practical mind of some seasoning to reconcile yourself at once!”

soundest adjective US /ˈsaʊndəst/

superlative of “sound” — financially secure and safe

From this reading “Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.”

spouted verb US /ˈspaʊtɪd/

past form of “spout” — gush forth in a sudden stream or jet

From this reading “Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!”

All words in this reading · 118

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

absoluteadjectiveUS /ˈæbsəluːt/

perfect or complete or pure

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

accordingadjectiveUS /əˈkɔːrdɪŋ/

(followed by “to”) in agreement with or accordant with

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

answerverbUS /ˈænsər/

react verbally

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading A conclusion not a little startling; to which it requires a practical mind of some seasoning to reconcile yourself at once!

attemptingverbUS /əˈtemptɪŋ/

-ing form of “attempt” — make an effort or attempt

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

barrel-heads

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

booksnounUS /bʊks/

Bound written or printed works.

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

BriberynounUS /ˈbraɪbəri/

the practice of offering something (usually money) in order to gain an illicit advantage

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

BritishnounUS /ˈbrɪtɪʃ/

the people of Great Britain

From this reading Once more, a very startling conclusion indeed; which, whatever the soundest practical minds in parliament may think of it, invites all British men to meditations of various kinds.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

casenounUS /keɪs/

an occurrence of something

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

CommitteenounUS /kəˈmɪti/

a special group delegated to consider some matter

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

conclusionnounUS /kənˈkluːʒən/

a position or opinion or judgment reached after consideration

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

constitutedadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːnstətuːtəd/

brought about or set up or accepted; especially long established

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

contentsnounUS /ˈkɑːntents/

(usually plural) everything that is included in a collection and that is held or included in something

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

dexteritynounUS /dekˈsterəti/

adroitness in using the hands

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

ElectionnounUS /ɪˈlekʃən/

a vote to select the winner of a position or political office

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

forthadverbUS /fɔːrθ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

FranchisenounUS /ˈfræntʃaɪz/

an authorization to sell a company's goods or services in a particular place

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

franknessnounUS /ˈfræŋknəs/

the quality of being honest and straightforward in attitude and speech

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

getverbUS /ɡet/

come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

goverbUS /ɡoʊ/

change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

harmnounUS /hɑːrm/

any physical damage to the body caused by violence or accident or fracture etc.

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

henceforthadverbUS /ˈhenˈsfɔːrθ/

from this time forth; from now on

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

impudencenoun

an impudent statement

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

indeedadverbUS /ˌɪnˈdiːd/

in truth (often tends to intensify)

From this reading Once more, a very startling conclusion indeed; which, whatever the soundest practical minds in parliament may think of it, invites all British men to meditations of various kinds.

invitesnounUS /ˌɪnˈvaɪts/

plural of “invite” — a colloquial expression for invitation

From this reading Once more, a very startling conclusion indeed; which, whatever the soundest practical minds in parliament may think of it, invites all British men to meditations of various kinds.

irremediableadjectiveUS /ˌɪrɪˈmiːdiəbəl/

impossible to remedy or correct or redress

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

kindsnounUS /kaɪndz/

plural of “kind” — a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality

From this reading Once more, a very startling conclusion indeed; which, whatever the soundest practical minds in parliament may think of it, invites all British men to meditations of various kinds.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

lateadjectiveUS /leɪt/

being or occurring at an advanced period of time or after a usual or expected time

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

law-books

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

layingnounUS /ˈleɪɪŋ/

the production of eggs (especially in birds)

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

LegislatorsnounUS /ˈledʒəsleɪtərz/

plural of “legislator” — someone who makes or enacts laws

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

lengthnounUS /leŋkθ/

the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading A conclusion not a little startling; to which it requires a practical mind of some seasoning to reconcile yourself at once!

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

meditationsnounUS /ˌmedɪˈteɪʃənz/

plural of “meditation” — continuous and profound contemplation or musing on a subject or series of subjects of a deep or abstruse nature

From this reading Once more, a very startling conclusion indeed; which, whatever the soundest practical minds in parliament may think of it, invites all British men to meditations of various kinds.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Once more, a very startling conclusion indeed; which, whatever the soundest practical minds in parliament may think of it, invites all British men to meditations of various kinds.

meritnounUS /ˈmerət/

any admirable quality or attribute

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

mindnounUS /maɪnd/

The element of a person that enables awareness and thought.

From this reading A conclusion not a little startling; to which it requires a practical mind of some seasoning to reconcile yourself at once!

mindsnounUS /maɪndz/

plural of “mind” — that which is responsible for one's thoughts, feelings, and conscious brain functions; the seat of the faculty of reason

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading A conclusion not a little startling; to which it requires a practical mind of some seasoning to reconcile yourself at once!

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

ourselvespronounUS /aʊərˈselvz/

used when we are both doing the action and receiving it

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

parliamentnounUS /ˈpɑːrləmənt/

a legislative assembly in certain countries

From this reading Once more, a very startling conclusion indeed; which, whatever the soundest practical minds in parliament may think of it, invites all British men to meditations of various kinds.

perfectadjectiveUS /pərˈfekt/

being complete of its kind and without defect or blemish

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

practicaladjectiveUS /ˈpræktəkəl/

concerned with actual use or practice

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

practicenounUS /ˈpræktəs/

a customary way of operation or behavior

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

punishverbUS /ˈpʌnɪʃ/

impose a penalty on; inflict punishment on

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

PureadjectiveUS /pjʊr/

free of extraneous elements of any kind

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

puritynounUS /ˈpjʊrəti/

being undiluted or unmixed with extraneous material

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

pursenounUS /pɜːrs/

a container used for carrying money and small personal items or accessories (especially by women)

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

putverbUS /pʊt/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

questionverbUS /ˈkwestʃən/

challenge the accuracy, probity, or propriety of

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

reconcileverbUS /ˈrekənsaɪl/

make (one thing) compatible with

From this reading A conclusion not a little startling; to which it requires a practical mind of some seasoning to reconcile yourself at once!

requiresverbUS /riˈkwaɪərz/

third-person singular of “require” — require as useful, just, or proper

From this reading A conclusion not a little startling; to which it requires a practical mind of some seasoning to reconcile yourself at once!

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

seasoningnounUS /ˈsiːzənɪŋ/

something added to food primarily for the savor it imparts

From this reading A conclusion not a little startling; to which it requires a practical mind of some seasoning to reconcile yourself at once!

seemverbUS /siːm/

give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

seemsverbUS /siːmz/

third-person singular of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

sinceritynounUS /sɪnˈserəti/

an earnest and sincere feeling

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading A conclusion not a little startling; to which it requires a practical mind of some seasoning to reconcile yourself at once!

soundestadjectiveUS /ˈsaʊndəst/

superlative of “sound” — financially secure and safe

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

spoutedverbUS /ˈspaʊtɪd/

past form of “spout” — gush forth in a sudden stream or jet

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

startlingadjectiveUS /ˈstɑːrtlɪŋ/

so remarkably different or sudden as to cause momentary shock or alarm

From this reading A conclusion not a little startling; to which it requires a practical mind of some seasoning to reconcile yourself at once!

Tenpound

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

theorynounUS /ˈθɪri/

a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

thingnounUS /θɪŋ/

a special situation

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

thinkverbUS /θɪŋk/

judge or regard; look upon; judge

From this reading Once more, a very startling conclusion indeed; which, whatever the soundest practical minds in parliament may think of it, invites all British men to meditations of various kinds.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

unpunishable

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

variousadjectiveUS /ˈveriəs/

of many different kinds purposefully arranged but lacking any uniformity

From this reading Once more, a very startling conclusion indeed; which, whatever the soundest practical minds in parliament may think of it, invites all British men to meditations of various kinds.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading Once more, a very startling conclusion indeed; which, whatever the soundest practical minds in parliament may think of it, invites all British men to meditations of various kinds.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading It seems, then, we are henceforth to get ourselves constituted Legislators not according to what merit we may have, or even what merit we may seem to have, but according to the length of our purse, and our frankness, impudence and dexterity in laying out the contents of the same.

whateverdeterminerUS /ˌwʌˈtevər/

any or all of a kind, it does not matter which

From this reading Once more, a very startling conclusion indeed; which, whatever the soundest practical minds in parliament may think of it, invites all British men to meditations of various kinds.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading A conclusion not a little startling; to which it requires a practical mind of some seasoning to reconcile yourself at once!

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading Bribery Committee In the case of the late Bribery Committee, it seemed to be the conclusion of the soundest practical minds that Bribery could not be put down; that Pure Election was a thing we had seen the last of, and must now go on without, as we best could.

writtenadjectiveUS /ˈrɪtən/

set down in writing in any of various ways

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading Our theory, written down in all books and law-books, spouted forth from all barrel-heads, is perfect purity of Tenpound Franchise, absolute sincerity of question put and answer given;--and our practice is irremediable bribery; irremediable, unpunishable, which you will do more harm than good by attempting to punish!

yourselfpronounUS /jərˈself/

used when the person spoken to is also the object of the action

From this reading A conclusion not a little startling; to which it requires a practical mind of some seasoning to reconcile yourself at once!

Chapter 35 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle holds 72 sentences, grouped into 15 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 35 of Past and Present contain?

Chapter 35 holds 72 sentences of Past and Present, unabridged, divided into 15 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 35 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 72 sentences, grouped into 15 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 35 of Past and Present?

Work through the 15 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 15 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 35 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 35 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Past and Present

Common questions about reading Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Past and Present?

Yes. All 4084 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #13534 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Past and Present is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #13534, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Past and Present take to read?

About 340 minutes of reading across 817 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Past and Present section by section

How to work through Past and Present section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Past and Present to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Past and Present

Words and structures a reader meets early in Past and Present, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Example
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Other
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fable
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sphinx
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.