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Past and Present
Past and Present

Chapter XL · Chapter 40

Chapter 40 of Past and Present is here in full — 503 sentences across 101 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/100 · 5 lines
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The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!
But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.
Experience does take dreadfully high school-wages; but he teaches like no other!
I revert to Friend Prudence the good Quaker's refusal of 'seven thousand pounds to boot.'
Friend Prudence's practical conclusion will, by degrees, become that of all rational practical men whatsover.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Past and Present

Chapter XL · Chapter 40

Chapter 40 of Past and Present is here in full — 503 sentences across 101 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/100 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!
Line 2
But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.
/bʌt ðer ɪz wʌn ˈpriːtʃər huː dʌz priːtʃ wɪð ɪˈfekt ənd ˈɡrædʒuːəli pərˈsweɪd ɔːl ˈpɜːrsənz hɪz neɪm ɪz ˈdestəni ɪz dɪˈvaɪn ˈprɑː.və.dəns ənd hɪz ˈsɜːrmən ðə ˌɪnˈfleksəbəl kɔːrs ʌv θɪŋz/
Line 3
Experience does take dreadfully high school-wages; but he teaches like no other!
Line 4
I revert to Friend Prudence the good Quaker's refusal of 'seven thousand pounds to boot.'
/aɪ rɪˈvɜːrt tuː frend ˈpruːdəns ðə ɡʊd ˈkweɪkərz rəˈfjuːzəl ʌv ˈsevən ˈθaʊzənd paʊndz tuː buːt/
Line 5
Friend Prudence's practical conclusion will, by degrees, become that of all rational practical men whatsover.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

abate verb US /əˈbeɪt/

make less active or intense

From this reading “The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!”

Didactic adjective US /daɪˈdæktɪk/

instructive (especially excessively)

From this reading “The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!”

guineas noun US /ˈɡɪniz/

plural of “guinea” — a former British gold coin worth 21 shillings

From this reading “The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!”

inflexible adjective US /ˌɪnˈfleksəbəl/

incapable of change

From this reading “But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.”

preaching noun US /ˈpriːtʃɪŋ/

an address of a religious nature (usually delivered during a church service)

From this reading “The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!”

Quaker's noun US /ˈkweɪkərz/

possessive form of “quaker” — a member of the Religious Society of Friends founded by George Fox (the Friends have never called themselves Quakers)

From this reading “I revert to Friend Prudence the good Quaker's refusal of 'seven thousand pounds to boot.'”

revert verb US /rɪˈvɜːrt/

go back to a previous state

From this reading “I revert to Friend Prudence the good Quaker's refusal of 'seven thousand pounds to boot.'”

teaches noun US /ˈtiːtʃəz/

plural of “teach” — an English pirate who operated in the Caribbean and off the Atlantic coast of North America (died in 1718)

From this reading “Experience does take dreadfully high school-wages; but he teaches like no other!”

All words in this reading · 83

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

abateverbUS /əˈbeɪt/

make less active or intense

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

becomeverbUS /bɪˈkʌm/

enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading Friend Prudence's practical conclusion will, by degrees, become that of all rational practical men whatsover.

Bobus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

bootnounUS /buːt/

footwear that covers the whole foot and lower leg

From this reading I revert to Friend Prudence the good Quaker's refusal of 'seven thousand pounds to boot.'

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Friend Prudence's practical conclusion will, by degrees, become that of all rational practical men whatsover.

CertainlyadverbUS /ˈsɜːrtənli/

definitely or positively (“sure” is sometimes used informally for “surely”)

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

conclusionnounUS /kənˈkluːʒən/

a position or opinion or judgment reached after consideration

From this reading Friend Prudence's practical conclusion will, by degrees, become that of all rational practical men whatsover.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

CoursenounUS /kɔːrs/

education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings

From this reading But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.

degreesnounUS /dɪˈɡriːz/

plural of “degree” — a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

From this reading Friend Prudence's practical conclusion will, by degrees, become that of all rational practical men whatsover.

DestinynounUS /ˈdestəni/

an event (or a course of events) that will inevitably happen in the future

From this reading But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.

DidacticadjectiveUS /daɪˈdæktɪk/

instructive (especially excessively)

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

DivineadjectiveUS /dɪˈvaɪn/

emanating from God

From this reading But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.

doesauxiliary verbUS /dʌz/

the form of “do” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.

dreadfullyadverbUS /ˈdredfəli/

of a dreadful kind

From this reading Experience does take dreadfully high school-wages; but he teaches like no other!

effectnounUS /ɪˈfekt/

a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.

expectverbUS /ɪkˈspekt/

regard something as probable or likely

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

ExperienceverbUS /ɪkˈspɪriəns/

undergo or live through a difficult experience

From this reading Experience does take dreadfully high school-wages; but he teaches like no other!

fondadjectiveUS /fɑːnd/

having or displaying warmth or affection

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

FriendnounUS /frend/

a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading I revert to Friend Prudence the good Quaker's refusal of 'seven thousand pounds to boot.'

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading I revert to Friend Prudence the good Quaker's refusal of 'seven thousand pounds to boot.'

graduallyadverbUS /ˈɡrædʒuːəli/

in a gradual manner

From this reading But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.

guineasnounUS /ˈɡɪniz/

plural of “guinea” — a former British gold coin worth 21 shillings

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Experience does take dreadfully high school-wages; but he teaches like no other!

highadjectiveUS /haɪ/

greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading Experience does take dreadfully high school-wages; but he teaches like no other!

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

Houndsditch

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I revert to Friend Prudence the good Quaker's refusal of 'seven thousand pounds to boot.'

imaginationnounUS /ˌɪmædʒəˈneɪʃən/

the formation of a mental image of something that is not perceived as real and is not present to the senses

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

inflexibleadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈfleksəbəl/

incapable of change

From this reading But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading Experience does take dreadfully high school-wages; but he teaches like no other!

lovenounUS /lʌv/

a strong positive emotion of regard and affection

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

Mammonism

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Friend Prudence's practical conclusion will, by degrees, become that of all rational practical men whatsover.

minepronounUS /maɪn/

the one or ones belonging to the person speaking

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Experience does take dreadfully high school-wages; but he teaches like no other!

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Experience does take dreadfully high school-wages; but he teaches like no other!

personsnounUS /ˈpɜːrsənz/

plural of “person” — a human being

From this reading But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.

persuadeverbUS /pərˈsweɪd/

win approval or support for

From this reading But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.

pooradjectiveUS /puːr/

deserving or inciting pity

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

poundsnounUS /paʊndz/

plural of “pound” — 16 ounces avoirdupois

From this reading I revert to Friend Prudence the good Quaker's refusal of 'seven thousand pounds to boot.'

practicaladjectiveUS /ˈpræktəkəl/

concerned with actual use or practice

From this reading Friend Prudence's practical conclusion will, by degrees, become that of all rational practical men whatsover.

preachverbUS /priːtʃ/

deliver a sermon

From this reading But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.

PreachernounUS /ˈpriːtʃər/

someone whose occupation is preaching the gospel

From this reading But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.

preachingnounUS /ˈpriːtʃɪŋ/

an address of a religious nature (usually delivered during a church service)

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

ProvidencenounUS /ˈprɑː.və.dəns/

The protective care of God or nature as a spiritual power. (Sự quan phòng, thiên ý phù hộ.)

From this reading But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.

PrudencenounUS /ˈpruːdəns/

discretion in practical affairs

From this reading I revert to Friend Prudence the good Quaker's refusal of 'seven thousand pounds to boot.'

Prudence's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Friend Prudence's practical conclusion will, by degrees, become that of all rational practical men whatsover.

Quaker'snounUS /ˈkweɪkərz/

possessive form of “quaker” — a member of the Religious Society of Friends founded by George Fox (the Friends have never called themselves Quakers)

From this reading I revert to Friend Prudence the good Quaker's refusal of 'seven thousand pounds to boot.'

rationaladjectiveUS /ˈræʃ.ən.əl/

Based on or in accordance with reason or logic rather than turbulent emotions.

From this reading Friend Prudence's practical conclusion will, by degrees, become that of all rational practical men whatsover.

refusalnounUS /rəˈfjuːzəl/

the act of refusing

From this reading I revert to Friend Prudence the good Quaker's refusal of 'seven thousand pounds to boot.'

revertverbUS /rɪˈvɜːrt/

go back to a previous state

From this reading I revert to Friend Prudence the good Quaker's refusal of 'seven thousand pounds to boot.'

school-wages

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Experience does take dreadfully high school-wages; but he teaches like no other!

SermonnounUS /ˈsɜːrmən/

an address of a religious nature (usually delivered during a church service)

From this reading But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.

sevennounUS /ˈsevən/

the cardinal number that is the sum of six and one

From this reading I revert to Friend Prudence the good Quaker's refusal of 'seven thousand pounds to boot.'

soulnounUS /soʊl/

the immaterial part of a person; the actuating cause of an individual life

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading Experience does take dreadfully high school-wages; but he teaches like no other!

teachesnounUS /ˈtiːtʃəz/

plural of “teach” — an English pirate who operated in the Caribbean and off the Atlantic coast of North America (died in 1718)

From this reading Experience does take dreadfully high school-wages; but he teaches like no other!

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.

ThingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.

thousandnounUS /ˈθaʊzənd/

the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100

From this reading I revert to Friend Prudence the good Quaker's refusal of 'seven thousand pounds to boot.'

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

whatsover

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Friend Prudence's practical conclusion will, by degrees, become that of all rational practical men whatsover.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading The Didactic Certainly it were a fond imagination to expect that any preaching of mine could abate Mammonism; that Bobus of Houndsditch will love his guineas less, or his poor soul more, for any preaching of mine!

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading But there is one Preacher who does preach with effect, and gradually persuade all persons: his name is Destiny, is Divine Providence, and his Sermon the inflexible Course of Things.

Chapter 40 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle holds 503 sentences, grouped into 101 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 40 of Past and Present contain?

Chapter 40 holds 503 sentences of Past and Present, unabridged, divided into 101 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 40 of Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 503 sentences, grouped into 101 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 40 of Past and Present?

Work through the 101 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 101 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 40 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 40 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Past and Present

Common questions about reading Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Past and Present?

Yes. All 4084 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #13534 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Past and Present is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #13534, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Past and Present take to read?

About 340 minutes of reading across 817 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Past and Present section by section

How to work through Past and Present section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Past and Present to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Past and Present

Words and structures a reader meets early in Past and Present, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Example
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Other
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fable
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sphinx
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.