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Past and Present — Vol. XIII
Past and Present — Vol. XIII

Chapter XXXII

Chapter 32 of Past and Present — Vol. XIII is here in full — 107 sentences across 22 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Chapter 32 of Past and Present — Vol. XIII by Thomas Carlyle holds 107 sentences, grouped into 22 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 32 of Past and Present — Vol. XIII contain?

Chapter 32 holds 107 sentences of Past and Present — Vol. XIII, unabridged, divided into 22 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 32 of Past and Present — Vol. XIII by Thomas Carlyle exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 107 sentences, grouped into 22 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 32 of Past and Present — Vol. XIII?

Work through the 22 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 22 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 32 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 32 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Past and Present — Vol. XIII

Common questions about reading Past and Present — Vol. XIII by Thomas Carlyle on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Past and Present — Vol. XIII?

Yes. All 4278 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #26159 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Past and Present — Vol. XIII is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #26159, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Past and Present — Vol. XIII take to read?

About 356 minutes of reading across 856 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through Past and Present — Vol. XIII section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Past and Present — Vol. XIII

Words and structures a reader meets early in Past and Present — Vol. XIII, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Collected
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present — Vol. XIII; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Works
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present — Vol. XIII; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Present
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present — Vol. XIII; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
London
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Past and Present — Vol. XIII; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cover illustration for Past and Present — Vol. XIII
Context Illustration Reading 1/22 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY.
If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.
Government can do much, but it can in no wise do all.
Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.
But the Government cannot do, by all its signaling and commanding, what the Society is radically indisposed to do.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Past and Present — Vol. XIII

Chapter XXXII

Chapter 32 of Past and Present — Vol. XIII is here in full — 107 sentences across 22 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/22 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY.
Line 2
If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.
Line 3
Government can do much, but it can in no wise do all.
Line 4
Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.
Line 5
But the Government cannot do, by all its signaling and commanding, what the Society is radically indisposed to do.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Being auxiliary verb US /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading “If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.”

One pronoun US /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading “If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.”

Over preposition US /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading “Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.”

Shall modal verb US /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

From this reading “Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.”

Upon preposition US /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading “Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.”

All words in this reading · 71

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adjuncts

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

all

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Government can do much, but it can in no wise do all.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.

any

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

believed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Government can do much, but it can in no wise do all.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading But the Government cannot do, by all its signaling and commanding, what the Society is radically indisposed to do.

called

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading Government can do much, but it can in no wise do all.

cannot

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But the Government cannot do, by all its signaling and commanding, what the Society is radically indisposed to do.

CAPTAINS

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY.

command

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.

commanding

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But the Government cannot do, by all its signaling and commanding, what the Society is radically indisposed to do.

conspicuous

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.

continue

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

disease

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Government can do much, but it can in no wise do all.

doing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.

done

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.

existence

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

further

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.

give

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.

Government

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

henceforth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

idle

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

IfconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Government can do much, but it can in no wise do all.

indisposed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But the Government cannot do, by all its signaling and commanding, what the Society is radically indisposed to do.

INDUSTRY

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY.

insusceptible

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

Mammonism

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

many

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.

measures

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

most

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.

much

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Government can do much, but it can in no wise do all.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Government can do much, but it can in no wise do all.

object

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.

preside

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.

principle

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

radically

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But the Government cannot do, by all its signaling and commanding, what the Society is radically indisposed to do.

reckon

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

remedial

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

remedy

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

serious

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

shallmodal verbUS /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

From this reading Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

signal

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.

signaling

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But the Government cannot do, by all its signaling and commanding, what the Society is radically indisposed to do.

Society

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.

solicit

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.

ways

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Government, as the most conspicuous object in Society, is called upon to give signal of what shall be done; and, in many ways, to preside over, further, and command the doing of it.

wise

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Government can do much, but it can in no wise do all.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading If I believed that Mammonism with its adjuncts was to continue henceforth the one serious principle of our existence, I should reckon it idle to solicit remedial measures from any Government, the disease being insusceptible of remedy.