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Paul and Virginia
Paul and Virginia

Chapter X · Chapter 10

Chapter 10 of Paul and Virginia is here in full — 148 sentences across 30 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/29 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
_The Old Man._--Never, my son, would I lower it.
I told you the truth with regard to the past; but now, every thing has undergone a great change.
Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.
The king is a sun, and the nobles and great corporate bodies surround him like so many clouds; it is almost impossible for any of his rays to reach you.
Formerly, under less exclusive administrations, such phenomena have been seen.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Paul and Virginia

Chapter X · Chapter 10

Chapter 10 of Paul and Virginia is here in full — 148 sentences across 30 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/29 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
_The Old Man._--Never, my son, would I lower it.
Line 2
I told you the truth with regard to the past; but now, every thing has undergone a great change.
/aɪ toʊld juː ðə truːθ wɪð rɪˈɡɑːrd tuː ðə pæst bʌt naʊ ˈevəri θɪŋ hæz ˌʌndərˈɡɔːn ə ɡreɪt tʃeɪndʒ/
Line 3
Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.
/ˈevəri θɪŋ ɪn fræns ɪz naʊ tuː biː əbˈteɪnd baɪ ˈɪntrəst əˈloʊn ˈevəri pleɪs ənd emˈplɔɪmənt ɪz naʊ bɪˈkʌm æz ɪt wɜːr ðə ˈpætrəmoʊni ʌv ə smɔːl ˈnʌmbər ʌv ˈfæməliz ɔːr ɪz dɪˈvaɪdɪd əˈmʌŋ ˈpʌblɪk ˈbɑːdiz/
Line 4
The king is a sun, and the nobles and great corporate bodies surround him like so many clouds; it is almost impossible for any of his rays to reach you.
/ðə kɪŋ ɪz ə sʌn ənd ðə ˈnoʊbəlz ənd ɡreɪt ˈkɔːrpərət ˈbɑːdiz sərˈaʊnd hɪm laɪk soʊ ˈmeni klaʊdz ɪt ɪz ˈɔːlmoʊst ˌɪmˈpɑːsəbəl fɔːr ˈeni ʌv hɪz reɪz tuː riːtʃ juː/
Line 5
Formerly, under less exclusive administrations, such phenomena have been seen.
/ˈfɔːrmərli ˈʌndər les ɪkˈskluːsɪv ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃənz sʌtʃ fəˈnɑːmənə hæv bɪn siːn/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

administrations noun US /ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃənz/

plural of “administration” — a method of tending to or managing the affairs of a some group of people (especially the group's business affairs)

From this reading “Formerly, under less exclusive administrations, such phenomena have been seen.”

corporate adjective US /ˈkɔːrpərət/

of or belonging to a corporation

From this reading “The king is a sun, and the nobles and great corporate bodies surround him like so many clouds; it is almost impossible for any of his rays to reach you.”

exclusive adjective US /ɪkˈskluːsɪv/

not divided or shared with others

From this reading “Formerly, under less exclusive administrations, such phenomena have been seen.”

nobles noun US /ˈnoʊbəlz/

plural of “noble” — a titled peer of the realm

From this reading “The king is a sun, and the nobles and great corporate bodies surround him like so many clouds; it is almost impossible for any of his rays to reach you.”

patrimony noun US /ˈpætrəmoʊni/

a church endowment

From this reading “Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.”

phenomena noun US /fəˈnɑːmənə/

plural of “phenomenon” — any state or process known through the senses rather than by intuition or reasoning

From this reading “Formerly, under less exclusive administrations, such phenomena have been seen.”

surround verb US /sərˈaʊnd/

extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle

From this reading “The king is a sun, and the nobles and great corporate bodies surround him like so many clouds; it is almost impossible for any of his rays to reach you.”

undergone verb US /ˌʌndərˈɡɔːn/

inflected form of “undergo” — pass through

From this reading “I told you the truth with regard to the past; but now, every thing has undergone a great change.”

All words in this reading · 77

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading I told you the truth with regard to the past; but now, every thing has undergone a great change.

administrationsnounUS /ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃənz/

plural of “administration” — a method of tending to or managing the affairs of a some group of people (especially the group's business affairs)

From this reading Formerly, under less exclusive administrations, such phenomena have been seen.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading The king is a sun, and the nobles and great corporate bodies surround him like so many clouds; it is almost impossible for any of his rays to reach you.

aloneadjectiveUS /əˈloʊn/

Having no one else present.

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading The king is a sun, and the nobles and great corporate bodies surround him like so many clouds; it is almost impossible for any of his rays to reach you.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

becomeverbUS /bɪˈkʌm/

enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Formerly, under less exclusive administrations, such phenomena have been seen.

bodiesnounUS /ˈbɑːdiz/

plural of “body” — the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading I told you the truth with regard to the past; but now, every thing has undergone a great change.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

changeverbUS /tʃeɪndʒ/

cause to change; make different; cause a transformation

From this reading I told you the truth with regard to the past; but now, every thing has undergone a great change.

cloudsnounUS /klaʊdz/

plural of “cloud” — any collection of particles (e.g., smoke or dust) or gases that is visible

From this reading The king is a sun, and the nobles and great corporate bodies surround him like so many clouds; it is almost impossible for any of his rays to reach you.

corporateadjectiveUS /ˈkɔːrpərət/

of or belonging to a corporation

From this reading The king is a sun, and the nobles and great corporate bodies surround him like so many clouds; it is almost impossible for any of his rays to reach you.

dividedadjectiveUS /dɪˈvaɪdɪd/

separated into parts or pieces

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

employmentnounUS /emˈplɔɪmənt/

the state of being employed or having a job

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading I told you the truth with regard to the past; but now, every thing has undergone a great change.

exclusiveadjectiveUS /ɪkˈskluːsɪv/

not divided or shared with others

From this reading Formerly, under less exclusive administrations, such phenomena have been seen.

familiesnounUS /ˈfæməliz/

plural of “family” — a social unit living together

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The king is a sun, and the nobles and great corporate bodies surround him like so many clouds; it is almost impossible for any of his rays to reach you.

FormerlyadverbUS /ˈfɔːrmərli/

at a previous time

From this reading Formerly, under less exclusive administrations, such phenomena have been seen.

FrancenounUS /fræns/

a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading I told you the truth with regard to the past; but now, every thing has undergone a great change.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading I told you the truth with regard to the past; but now, every thing has undergone a great change.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Formerly, under less exclusive administrations, such phenomena have been seen.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The king is a sun, and the nobles and great corporate bodies surround him like so many clouds; it is almost impossible for any of his rays to reach you.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The king is a sun, and the nobles and great corporate bodies surround him like so many clouds; it is almost impossible for any of his rays to reach you.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading _The Old Man._--Never, my son, would I lower it.

impossibleadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɑːsəbəl/

not capable of occurring or being accomplished or dealt with

From this reading The king is a sun, and the nobles and great corporate bodies surround him like so many clouds; it is almost impossible for any of his rays to reach you.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

interestnounUS /ˈɪntrəst/

a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading _The Old Man._--Never, my son, would I lower it.

kingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading The king is a sun, and the nobles and great corporate bodies surround him like so many clouds; it is almost impossible for any of his rays to reach you.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading Formerly, under less exclusive administrations, such phenomena have been seen.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading The king is a sun, and the nobles and great corporate bodies surround him like so many clouds; it is almost impossible for any of his rays to reach you.

lowerverbUS /ˈloʊər/

move something or somebody to a lower position

From this reading _The Old Man._--Never, my son, would I lower it.

MannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading _The Old Man._--Never, my son, would I lower it.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading The king is a sun, and the nobles and great corporate bodies surround him like so many clouds; it is almost impossible for any of his rays to reach you.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading _The Old Man._--Never, my son, would I lower it.

NeveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading _The Old Man._--Never, my son, would I lower it.

noblesnounUS /ˈnoʊbəlz/

plural of “noble” — a titled peer of the realm

From this reading The king is a sun, and the nobles and great corporate bodies surround him like so many clouds; it is almost impossible for any of his rays to reach you.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading I told you the truth with regard to the past; but now, every thing has undergone a great change.

numbernounUS /ˈnʌmbər/

the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

obtainedverbUS /əbˈteɪnd/

past form of “obtain” — come into possession of

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

OldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading _The Old Man._--Never, my son, would I lower it.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

pastnounUS /pæst/

the time that has elapsed

From this reading I told you the truth with regard to the past; but now, every thing has undergone a great change.

patrimonynounUS /ˈpætrəmoʊni/

a church endowment

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

phenomenanounUS /fəˈnɑːmənə/

plural of “phenomenon” — any state or process known through the senses rather than by intuition or reasoning

From this reading Formerly, under less exclusive administrations, such phenomena have been seen.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

publicnounUS /ˈpʌblɪk/

people in general considered as a whole

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

raysnounUS /reɪz/

plural of “ray” — a column of light (as from a beacon)

From this reading The king is a sun, and the nobles and great corporate bodies surround him like so many clouds; it is almost impossible for any of his rays to reach you.

reachverbUS /riːtʃ/

reach a destination, either real or abstract

From this reading The king is a sun, and the nobles and great corporate bodies surround him like so many clouds; it is almost impossible for any of his rays to reach you.

regardnounUS /rɪˈɡɑːrd/

(usually preceded by “in”) a detail or point

From this reading I told you the truth with regard to the past; but now, every thing has undergone a great change.

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading Formerly, under less exclusive administrations, such phenomena have been seen.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The king is a sun, and the nobles and great corporate bodies surround him like so many clouds; it is almost impossible for any of his rays to reach you.

sonnounUS /sʌn/

a male human offspring

From this reading _The Old Man._--Never, my son, would I lower it.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Formerly, under less exclusive administrations, such phenomena have been seen.

sunnounUS /sʌn/

the star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system

From this reading The king is a sun, and the nobles and great corporate bodies surround him like so many clouds; it is almost impossible for any of his rays to reach you.

surroundverbUS /sərˈaʊnd/

extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle

From this reading The king is a sun, and the nobles and great corporate bodies surround him like so many clouds; it is almost impossible for any of his rays to reach you.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading _The Old Man._--Never, my son, would I lower it.

thingnounUS /θɪŋ/

a special situation

From this reading I told you the truth with regard to the past; but now, every thing has undergone a great change.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading I told you the truth with regard to the past; but now, every thing has undergone a great change.

toldverbUS /toʊld/

inflected form of “tell” — express in words

From this reading I told you the truth with regard to the past; but now, every thing has undergone a great change.

truthnounUS /truːθ/

a fact that has been verified

From this reading I told you the truth with regard to the past; but now, every thing has undergone a great change.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Formerly, under less exclusive administrations, such phenomena have been seen.

undergoneverbUS /ˌʌndərˈɡɔːn/

inflected form of “undergo” — pass through

From this reading I told you the truth with regard to the past; but now, every thing has undergone a great change.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Every thing in France is now to be obtained by interest alone; every place and employment is now become as it were the patrimony of a small number of families, or is divided among public bodies.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading I told you the truth with regard to the past; but now, every thing has undergone a great change.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading _The Old Man._--Never, my son, would I lower it.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading I told you the truth with regard to the past; but now, every thing has undergone a great change.

Chapter 10 of Paul and Virginia by Bernardin de Saint-Pierre holds 148 sentences, grouped into 30 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 10 of Paul and Virginia contain?

Chapter 10 holds 148 sentences of Paul and Virginia, unabridged, divided into 30 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 10 of Paul and Virginia by Bernardin de Saint-Pierre exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 148 sentences, grouped into 30 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 10 of Paul and Virginia?

Work through the 30 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 30 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 10 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Paul and Virginia

Common questions about reading Paul and Virginia by Bernardin de Saint-Pierre on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Paul and Virginia?

Yes. All 1800 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #2127 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #2127, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Paul and Virginia take to read?

About 150 minutes of reading across 360 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Paul and Virginia

Words and structures a reader meets early in Paul and Virginia, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Memoir
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Paul and Virginia; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Paul and Virginia; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Introducing
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Paul and Virginia; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Public
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Paul and Virginia; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.