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Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H.
Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H.

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H. is here in full — 457 sentences across 92 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H.
Context Illustration Reading 1/91 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
J.B.H. DE SAINT PIERRE.
PREFACE.
The following translation of "Paul and Virginia," was written at Paris, amidst the horrors of Robespierre's tyranny.
During that gloomy epocha it was difficult to find occupations which might cheat the days of calamity of their weary length.
Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H.

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H. is here in full — 457 sentences across 92 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/91 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
J.B.H. DE SAINT PIERRE.
Line 2
PREFACE.
/ˈprefəs/
Line 3
The following translation of "Paul and Virginia," was written at Paris, amidst the horrors of Robespierre's tyranny.
Line 4
During that gloomy epocha it was difficult to find occupations which might cheat the days of calamity of their weary length.
Line 5
Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

cheat verb US /tʃiːt/

deprive somebody of something by deceit

From this reading “During that gloomy epocha it was difficult to find occupations which might cheat the days of calamity of their weary length.”

despotism noun US /ˈdespətɪzəm/

dominance through threat of punishment and violence

From this reading “Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.”

encompassed verb US /enˈkʌmpəst/

past form of “encompass” — include in scope; include as part of something broader; have as one's sphere or territory

From this reading “Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.”

occupations noun US /ˌɑːkjəˈpeɪʃənz/

plural of “occupation” — the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money

From this reading “During that gloomy epocha it was difficult to find occupations which might cheat the days of calamity of their weary length.”

persecuted verb US /ˈpɜːrsəkjuːtɪd/

past form of “persecute” — cause to suffer

From this reading “Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.”

preface noun US /ˈprefəs/

a short introductory essay preceding the text of a book

From this reading “PREFACE.”

translation noun US /trænzˈleɪʃən/

a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language

From this reading “The following translation of "Paul and Virginia," was written at Paris, amidst the horrors of Robespierre's tyranny.”

tyranny noun US /ˈtɪrəni/

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

From this reading “The following translation of "Paul and Virginia," was written at Paris, amidst the horrors of Robespierre's tyranny.”

All words in this reading · 60

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

amidstprepositionUS /əˈmɪdst/

in the middle of; surrounded by

From this reading The following translation of "Paul and Virginia," was written at Paris, amidst the horrors of Robespierre's tyranny.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The following translation of "Paul and Virginia," was written at Paris, amidst the horrors of Robespierre's tyranny.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The following translation of "Paul and Virginia," was written at Paris, amidst the horrors of Robespierre's tyranny.

BnounUS /biː/

aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium; often occurring in chainlike formations; found primarily in soil

From this reading J.B.H. DE SAINT PIERRE.

calamitynounUS /kəˈlæməti/

an event resulting in great loss and misfortune

From this reading During that gloomy epocha it was difficult to find occupations which might cheat the days of calamity of their weary length.

cheatverbUS /tʃiːt/

deprive somebody of something by deceit

From this reading During that gloomy epocha it was difficult to find occupations which might cheat the days of calamity of their weary length.

dangernounUS /ˈdeɪndʒər/

the condition of being susceptible to harm or injury

From this reading Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading During that gloomy epocha it was difficult to find occupations which might cheat the days of calamity of their weary length.

DEnounUS /diː/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading J.B.H. DE SAINT PIERRE.

despotismnounUS /ˈdespətɪzəm/

dominance through threat of punishment and violence

From this reading Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.

detailnounUS /dɪˈteɪl/

an isolated fact that is considered separately from the whole

From this reading Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.

difficultadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfəkəlt/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading During that gloomy epocha it was difficult to find occupations which might cheat the days of calamity of their weary length.

DuringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading During that gloomy epocha it was difficult to find occupations which might cheat the days of calamity of their weary length.

encompassedverbUS /enˈkʌmpəst/

past form of “encompass” — include in scope; include as part of something broader; have as one's sphere or territory

From this reading Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.

epocha

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading During that gloomy epocha it was difficult to find occupations which might cheat the days of calamity of their weary length.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading During that gloomy epocha it was difficult to find occupations which might cheat the days of calamity of their weary length.

followingadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːloʊɪŋ/

about to be mentioned or specified

From this reading The following translation of "Paul and Virginia," was written at Paris, amidst the horrors of Robespierre's tyranny.

gloomyadjectiveUS /ˈɡluːmi/

depressingly dark

From this reading During that gloomy epocha it was difficult to find occupations which might cheat the days of calamity of their weary length.

HnounUS /eɪtʃ/

a nonmetallic univalent element that is normally a colorless and odorless highly flammable diatomic gas; the simplest and lightest and most abundant element in the universe

From this reading J.B.H. DE SAINT PIERRE.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.

horrorsnounUS /ˈhɔːrərz/

plural of “horror” — intense and profound fear

From this reading The following translation of "Paul and Virginia," was written at Paris, amidst the horrors of Robespierre's tyranny.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading During that gloomy epocha it was difficult to find occupations which might cheat the days of calamity of their weary length.

JnounUS /dʒeɪ/

a unit of electrical energy equal to the work done when a current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second

From this reading J.B.H. DE SAINT PIERRE.

Jacobinicaladjective

of or relating to the Jacobins of the French Revolution

From this reading Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.

lengthnounUS /leŋkθ/

the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place

From this reading During that gloomy epocha it was difficult to find occupations which might cheat the days of calamity of their weary length.

massnounUS /mæs/

the property of a body that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field

From this reading Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading During that gloomy epocha it was difficult to find occupations which might cheat the days of calamity of their weary length.

minutenounUS /ˈmɪnət/

a unit of time equal to 60 seconds or 1/60th of an hour

From this reading Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.

murderedadjectiveUS /ˈmɜːrdərd/

killed unlawfully

From this reading Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.

occupationsnounUS /ˌɑːkjəˈpeɪʃənz/

plural of “occupation” — the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money

From this reading During that gloomy epocha it was difficult to find occupations which might cheat the days of calamity of their weary length.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The following translation of "Paul and Virginia," was written at Paris, amidst the horrors of Robespierre's tyranny.

ParisnounUS /ˈperɪs/

the capital and largest city of France; and international center of culture and commerce

From this reading The following translation of "Paul and Virginia," was written at Paris, amidst the horrors of Robespierre's tyranny.

PaulnounUS /pɔːl/

United States feminist (1885-1977)

From this reading The following translation of "Paul and Virginia," was written at Paris, amidst the horrors of Robespierre's tyranny.

persecutedverbUS /ˈpɜːrsəkjuːtɪd/

past form of “persecute” — cause to suffer

From this reading Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.

PIERREnounUS /piˈer/

capital of the state of South Dakota; located in central South Dakota on the Missouri river

From this reading J.B.H. DE SAINT PIERRE.

PREFACEnounUS /ˈprefəs/

a short introductory essay preceding the text of a book

From this reading PREFACE.

readingnounUS /ˈriːdɪŋ/

the cognitive process of understanding a written linguistic message

From this reading Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.

resourcesnounUS /ˈriːsɔːrsɪz/

plural of “resource” — available source of wealth; a new or reserve supply that can be drawn upon when needed

From this reading Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.

Robespierre's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The following translation of "Paul and Virginia," was written at Paris, amidst the horrors of Robespierre's tyranny.

SAINTnounUS /seɪnt/

a person who has died and has been declared a saint by canonization

From this reading J.B.H. DE SAINT PIERRE.

SocietynounUS /səˈsaɪəti/

an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization

From this reading Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading During that gloomy epocha it was difficult to find occupations which might cheat the days of calamity of their weary length.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The following translation of "Paul and Virginia," was written at Paris, amidst the horrors of Robespierre's tyranny.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading During that gloomy epocha it was difficult to find occupations which might cheat the days of calamity of their weary length.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading During that gloomy epocha it was difficult to find occupations which might cheat the days of calamity of their weary length.

translationnounUS /trænzˈleɪʃən/

a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language

From this reading The following translation of "Paul and Virginia," was written at Paris, amidst the horrors of Robespierre's tyranny.

tyrannynounUS /ˈtɪrəni/

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

From this reading The following translation of "Paul and Virginia," was written at Paris, amidst the horrors of Robespierre's tyranny.

vanishedadjectiveUS /ˈvænɪʃt/

having passed out of existence

From this reading Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.

vexations

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.

VirginianounUS /vərˈdʒɪnjə/

a state in the eastern United States; one of the original 13 colonies; one of the Confederate States in the American Civil War

From this reading The following translation of "Paul and Virginia," was written at Paris, amidst the horrors of Robespierre's tyranny.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The following translation of "Paul and Virginia," was written at Paris, amidst the horrors of Robespierre's tyranny.

wearyverbUS /ˈwɪri/

exhaust or get tired through overuse or great strain or stress

From this reading During that gloomy epocha it was difficult to find occupations which might cheat the days of calamity of their weary length.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading During that gloomy epocha it was difficult to find occupations which might cheat the days of calamity of their weary length.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.

writingnounUS /ˈraɪtɪŋ/

the act of creating written works

From this reading Society had vanished; and amidst the minute vexations of Jacobinical despotism, which, while it murdered in _mass_, persecuted in detail, the resources of writing, and even reading, were encompassed with danger.

writtenadjectiveUS /ˈrɪtən/

set down in writing in any of various ways

From this reading The following translation of "Paul and Virginia," was written at Paris, amidst the horrors of Robespierre's tyranny.

Chapter 1 of Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H. by Bernardin de Saint-Pierre holds 457 sentences, grouped into 92 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H. contain?

Chapter 1 holds 457 sentences of Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H., unabridged, divided into 92 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H. by Bernardin de Saint-Pierre exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 457 sentences, grouped into 92 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H.?

Work through the 92 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 92 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H.

Common questions about reading Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H. by Bernardin de Saint-Pierre on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H.?

Yes. All 1356 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #10859 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H. is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #10859, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H. take to read?

About 113 minutes of reading across 272 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H. section by section

How to work through Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H. section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 3 chapters of Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H. to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H.

Words and structures a reader meets early in Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H., each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Saint
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H.; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Pierre
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H.; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Preface
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H.; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Following
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Paul and Virginia from the French of J.B.H.; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.