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Paul Ralston
Paul Ralston

Chapter IV · The Percys

Chapter IV of Paul Ralston, “The Percys,” is here in full — 111 sentences across 23 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/22 · 5 lines
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They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.
Among them came Samuel Percy, a Royalist, transported for some offense against the government and condemned to servitude for five years.
Just what he did during the five years was not certainly known.
Some said he was a blacksmith, some a tailor, and others a common field laborer, or at best an overseer of the negroes.
That he was a bondman was sure and he worked out his time and then, unbroken in spirit, resolved to make for himself a name and a fortune and a family.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Paul Ralston

Chapter IV · The Percys

Chapter IV of Paul Ralston, “The Percys,” is here in full — 111 sentences across 23 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/22 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.
Line 2
Among them came Samuel Percy, a Royalist, transported for some offense against the government and condemned to servitude for five years.
/əˈmʌŋ ðem keɪm ˈsæmjuːl ˈpɜːrsi ə ˈrɔɪəlɪst trænˈspɔːrtɪd fɔːr sʌm əˈfens əˈɡenst ðə ˈɡʌvərmənt ənd kənˈdemd tuː ˈsɜːrvətuːd fɔːr faɪv jɪrz/
Line 3
Just what he did during the five years was not certainly known.
/dʒʌst wʌt hiː dɪd ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə faɪv jɪrz wɑːz nɑːt ˈsɜːrtənli noʊn/
Line 4
Some said he was a blacksmith, some a tailor, and others a common field laborer, or at best an overseer of the negroes.
Line 5
That he was a bondman was sure and he worked out his time and then, unbroken in spirit, resolved to make for himself a name and a fortune and a family.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

ancestry noun US /ˈænsestri/

the descendants of one individual

From this reading “They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.”

blacksmith noun US /ˈblæksmɪθ/

a smith who forges and shapes iron with a hammer and anvil

From this reading “Some said he was a blacksmith, some a tailor, and others a common field laborer, or at best an overseer of the negroes.”

laborer noun US /ˈleɪbərər/

someone who works with their hands; someone engaged in manual labor

From this reading “Some said he was a blacksmith, some a tailor, and others a common field laborer, or at best an overseer of the negroes.”

offense noun US /əˈfens/

a lack of politeness; a failure to show regard for others; wounding the feelings or others

From this reading “Among them came Samuel Percy, a Royalist, transported for some offense against the government and condemned to servitude for five years.”

overseer noun US /ˈoʊvərˈsiːər/

a person who directs and manages an organization

From this reading “Some said he was a blacksmith, some a tailor, and others a common field laborer, or at best an overseer of the negroes.”

Royalist noun US /ˈrɔɪəlɪst/

an advocate of the principles of monarchy

From this reading “Among them came Samuel Percy, a Royalist, transported for some offense against the government and condemned to servitude for five years.”

servitude noun US /ˈsɜːrvətuːd/

state of subjection to an owner or master or forced labor imposed as punishment

From this reading “Among them came Samuel Percy, a Royalist, transported for some offense against the government and condemned to servitude for five years.”

Virginian noun US /vərˈdʒɪnjən/

a native or resident of Virginia

From this reading “They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

five years noun + noun

In this reading “Among them came Samuel Percy, a Royalist, transported for some offense against the government and condemned to servitude for five years.”

shorter period adjective + noun counted as “short period”

In this reading “They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.”

against the government preposition + article + noun counted as “against … government”

In this reading “Among them came Samuel Percy, a Royalist, transported for some offense against the government and condemned to servitude for five years.”

white people noun + noun

In this reading “They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.”

for five preposition + noun

In this reading “Among them came Samuel Percy, a Royalist, transported for some offense against the government and condemned to servitude for five years.”

worked out verb + adjective counted as “work out”

come up with

In this reading “That he was a bondman was sure and he worked out his time and then, unbroken in spirit, resolved to make for himself a name and a fortune and a family.”

All words in this reading · 88

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading Among them came Samuel Percy, a Royalist, transported for some offense against the government and condemned to servitude for five years.

AmongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading Among them came Samuel Percy, a Royalist, transported for some offense against the government and condemned to servitude for five years.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Some said he was a blacksmith, some a tailor, and others a common field laborer, or at best an overseer of the negroes.

ancestrynounUS /ˈænsestri/

the descendants of one individual

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Some said he was a blacksmith, some a tailor, and others a common field laborer, or at best an overseer of the negroes.

backwardadverbUS /ˈbækwərd/

at or to or toward the back or rear

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading Some said he was a blacksmith, some a tailor, and others a common field laborer, or at best an overseer of the negroes.

blacksmithnounUS /ˈblæksmɪθ/

a smith who forges and shapes iron with a hammer and anvil

From this reading Some said he was a blacksmith, some a tailor, and others a common field laborer, or at best an overseer of the negroes.

bondmannoun

a male bound to serve without wages

From this reading That he was a bondman was sure and he worked out his time and then, unbroken in spirit, resolved to make for himself a name and a fortune and a family.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading Among them came Samuel Percy, a Royalist, transported for some offense against the government and condemned to servitude for five years.

certainlyadverbUS /ˈsɜːrtənli/

definitely or positively (“sure” is sometimes used informally for “surely”)

From this reading Just what he did during the five years was not certainly known.

commonadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmən/

belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public

From this reading Some said he was a blacksmith, some a tailor, and others a common field laborer, or at best an overseer of the negroes.

condemnedverbUS /kənˈdemd/

past form of “condemn” — express strong disapproval of

From this reading Among them came Samuel Percy, a Royalist, transported for some offense against the government and condemned to servitude for five years.

CromwellnounUS /ˈkrɑːmwəl/

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading Just what he did during the five years was not certainly known.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading Just what he did during the five years was not certainly known.

familynounUS /ˈfæməli/

a social unit living together

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

fieldnounUS /fiːld/

a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed

From this reading Some said he was a blacksmith, some a tailor, and others a common field laborer, or at best an overseer of the negroes.

fivenounUS /faɪv/

the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one

From this reading Among them came Samuel Percy, a Royalist, transported for some offense against the government and condemned to servitude for five years.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

fortunenounUS /ˈfɔːrtʃən/

an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that causes an event to result one way rather than another

From this reading That he was a bondman was sure and he worked out his time and then, unbroken in spirit, resolved to make for himself a name and a fortune and a family.

governmentnounUS /ˈɡʌvərmənt/

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading Among them came Samuel Percy, a Royalist, transported for some offense against the government and condemned to servitude for five years.

Hansford

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Just what he did during the five years was not certainly known.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading That he was a bondman was sure and he worked out his time and then, unbroken in spirit, resolved to make for himself a name and a fortune and a family.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading That he was a bondman was sure and he worked out his time and then, unbroken in spirit, resolved to make for himself a name and a fortune and a family.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading That he was a bondman was sure and he worked out his time and then, unbroken in spirit, resolved to make for himself a name and a fortune and a family.

JustadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading Just what he did during the five years was not certainly known.

knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/

apprehended with certainty

From this reading Just what he did during the five years was not certainly known.

laborernounUS /ˈleɪbərər/

someone who works with their hands; someone engaged in manual labor

From this reading Some said he was a blacksmith, some a tailor, and others a common field laborer, or at best an overseer of the negroes.

linenounUS /laɪn/

a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

longeradverbUS /ˈlɔːŋɡər/

for more time

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading That he was a bondman was sure and he worked out his time and then, unbroken in spirit, resolved to make for himself a name and a fortune and a family.

MissverbUS /mɪs/

fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading That he was a bondman was sure and he worked out his time and then, unbroken in spirit, resolved to make for himself a name and a fortune and a family.

negroesnounUS /ˈniːɡroʊz/

plural of “negro” — a person with African ancestry, "Negro" and "Negroid" are archaic and pejorative today

From this reading Some said he was a blacksmith, some a tailor, and others a common field laborer, or at best an overseer of the negroes.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Just what he did during the five years was not certainly known.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

offensenounUS /əˈfens/

a lack of politeness; a failure to show regard for others; wounding the feelings or others

From this reading Among them came Samuel Percy, a Royalist, transported for some offense against the government and condemned to servitude for five years.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

others

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Some said he was a blacksmith, some a tailor, and others a common field laborer, or at best an overseer of the negroes.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading That he was a bondman was sure and he worked out his time and then, unbroken in spirit, resolved to make for himself a name and a fortune and a family.

overseernounUS /ˈoʊvərˈsiːər/

a person who directs and manages an organization

From this reading Some said he was a blacksmith, some a tailor, and others a common field laborer, or at best an overseer of the negroes.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

PercynounUS /ˈpɜːrsi/

United States writer whose novels explored human alienation (1916-1990)

From this reading Among them came Samuel Percy, a Royalist, transported for some offense against the government and condemned to servitude for five years.

periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

quiteadverbUS /kwaɪt/

to a degree (not used with a negative)

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

resolvedadjectiveUS /riˈzɑːlvd/

determined

From this reading That he was a bondman was sure and he worked out his time and then, unbroken in spirit, resolved to make for himself a name and a fortune and a family.

RoyalistnounUS /ˈrɔɪəlɪst/

an advocate of the principles of monarchy

From this reading Among them came Samuel Percy, a Royalist, transported for some offense against the government and condemned to servitude for five years.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading Some said he was a blacksmith, some a tailor, and others a common field laborer, or at best an overseer of the negroes.

SamuelnounUS /ˈsæmjuːl/

(Old Testament) Hebrew prophet and judge who anointed Saul as king

From this reading Among them came Samuel Percy, a Royalist, transported for some offense against the government and condemned to servitude for five years.

sentnounUS /sent/

100 senti equal 1 kroon in Estonia

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

servitudenounUS /ˈsɜːrvətuːd/

state of subjection to an owner or master or forced labor imposed as punishment

From this reading Among them came Samuel Percy, a Royalist, transported for some offense against the government and condemned to servitude for five years.

shorteradjectiveUS /ˈʃɔːrtər/

comparative of “short” — primarily temporal sense; indicating or being or seeming to be limited in duration

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

slavesnounUS /sleɪvz/

plural of “slave” — a person who is owned by someone

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

soldadjectiveUS /soʊld/

disposed of to a purchaser

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading Among them came Samuel Percy, a Royalist, transported for some offense against the government and condemned to servitude for five years.

spiritnounUS /ˈspɪrət/

the vital principle or animating force within living things

From this reading That he was a bondman was sure and he worked out his time and then, unbroken in spirit, resolved to make for himself a name and a fortune and a family.

stretchedadjectiveUS /stretʃt/

(of muscles) relieved of stiffness by stretching

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

sureadjectiveUS /ʃʊr/

having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured

From this reading That he was a bondman was sure and he worked out his time and then, unbroken in spirit, resolved to make for himself a name and a fortune and a family.

tailorverbUS /ˈteɪlər/

adjust to a specific need or market

From this reading Some said he was a blacksmith, some a tailor, and others a common field laborer, or at best an overseer of the negroes.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Among them came Samuel Percy, a Royalist, transported for some offense against the government and condemned to servitude for five years.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading That he was a bondman was sure and he worked out his time and then, unbroken in spirit, resolved to make for himself a name and a fortune and a family.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading That he was a bondman was sure and he worked out his time and then, unbroken in spirit, resolved to make for himself a name and a fortune and a family.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

touchedadjectiveUS /tʌtʃt/

having come into contact

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

transportedverbUS /trænˈspɔːrtɪd/

past form of “transport” — move something or somebody around; usually over long distances

From this reading Among them came Samuel Percy, a Royalist, transported for some offense against the government and condemned to servitude for five years.

unbrokenadjectiveUS /ənˈbroʊkən/

marked by continuous or uninterrupted extension in space or time or sequence

From this reading That he was a bondman was sure and he worked out his time and then, unbroken in spirit, resolved to make for himself a name and a fortune and a family.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

VirginianounUS /vərˈdʒɪnjə/

a state in the eastern United States; one of the original 13 colonies; one of the Confederate States in the American Civil War

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

VirginiannounUS /vərˈdʒɪnjən/

a native or resident of Virginia

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Just what he did during the five years was not certainly known.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Just what he did during the five years was not certainly known.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

whitenounUS /waɪt/

a Caucasian

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

whosedeterminerUS /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

workedverbUS /wɜːrkt/

past form of “work” — exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading That he was a bondman was sure and he worked out his time and then, unbroken in spirit, resolved to make for himself a name and a fortune and a family.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading They were a very old Virginian family whose line of ancestry stretched backward quite as far as that of Miss Hansford, and touched the days of Cromwell, when white people were sent to Virginia and sold as slaves for a longer or shorter period of years.

Chapter 4 of Paul Ralston by Mary Jane Holmes holds 111 sentences, grouped into 23 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Paul Ralston contain?

Chapter 4 holds 111 sentences of Paul Ralston, unabridged, divided into 23 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Paul Ralston by Mary Jane Holmes exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 111 sentences, grouped into 23 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Paul Ralston?

Work through the 23 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 23 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Paul Ralston

Common questions about reading Paul Ralston by Mary Jane Holmes on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Paul Ralston?

Yes. All 0 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #? are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Paul Ralston is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Paul Ralston take to read?

About 5 minutes of reading across 0 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Paul Ralston section by section

How to work through Paul Ralston section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 0 chapters of Paul Ralston to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Paul Ralston

Words and structures a reader meets early in Paul Ralston, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of Paul Ralston, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
One of the 0 chapters of Paul Ralston, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 3
One of the 0 chapters of Paul Ralston, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.