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Pausanias, the Spartan
Pausanias, the Spartan

Chapter IX · Chapter 9

Chapter 9 of Pausanias, the Spartan is here in full — 79 sentences across 16 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/15 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Pausanias did not that night quit the city.
After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.
Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.
These distinctions, though hereditary, were not immutable.
The peer could be degraded, the inferior could become a peer.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Pausanias, the Spartan

Chapter IX · Chapter 9

Chapter 9 of Pausanias, the Spartan is here in full — 79 sentences across 16 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/15 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Pausanias did not that night quit the city.
Line 2
After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.
/ˈæftər ðə ˈmiːtɪŋ hiː held ə ˈpraɪvət ˈkɑːnfərəns wɪð ðə ˈspɑːrtən ˈiːkwəlz huːm ˈkʌstəm ənd ðə ˈɡʌvərmənt əˈsaɪnd ɪn əˈpɪrəns æz hɪz əˈtendənts ɪn ˌriːˈælətiː æz ˈwɪtnəsəz ɪf nɑːt spaɪz ʌv hɪz ˈkɑːndəkt/
Line 3
Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.
Line 4
These distinctions, though hereditary, were not immutable.
/ðiːz dɪˈstɪŋkʃənz ðoʊ hərˈedəteri wɜːr nɑːt ˌɪˈmjuːtəbəl/
Line 5
The peer could be degraded, the inferior could become a peer.
/ðə pɪr kʊd biː dɪˈɡreɪdəd ðə ˌɪnˈfɪriər kʊd bɪˈkʌm ə pɪr/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

degraded adjective US /dɪˈɡreɪdəd/

unrestrained by convention or morality

From this reading “The peer could be degraded, the inferior could become a peer.”

distinctions noun US /dɪˈstɪŋkʃənz/

plural of “distinction” — a discrimination between things as different and distinct on the basis of their characteristics or attributes

From this reading “Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.”

Equals noun US /ˈiːkwəlz/

plural of “equal” — a person who is of equal standing with another in a group

From this reading “After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.”

hereditary adjective US /hərˈedəteri/

occurring among members of a family usually by heredity

From this reading “These distinctions, though hereditary, were not immutable.”

immutable adjective US /ˌɪˈmjuːtəbəl/

not subject or susceptible to change or variation in form or quality or nature

From this reading “These distinctions, though hereditary, were not immutable.”

intelligibly adverb US /ˌɪnˈtelədʒəbli/

in an intelligible manner

From this reading “Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.”

Peers noun US /pɪrz/

plural of “peer” — a person who is of equal standing with another in a group

From this reading “Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.”

Spartan adjective US /ˈspɑːrtən/

of or relating to or characteristic of Sparta or its people

From this reading “After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.”

All words in this reading · 72

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

acknowledgedadjectiveUS /ækˈnɑːlɪdʒd/

recognized or made known or admitted

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

AfterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

appearancenounUS /əˈpɪrəns/

outward or visible aspect of a person or thing

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

assignedadjectiveUS /əˈsaɪnd/

appointed to a post or duty

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

attendantsnounUS /əˈtendənts/

plural of “attendant” — someone who waits on or tends to or attends to the needs of another

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The peer could be degraded, the inferior could become a peer.

becomeverbUS /bɪˈkʌm/

enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading The peer could be degraded, the inferior could become a peer.

citynounUS /ˈsɪti/

a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading Pausanias did not that night quit the city.

classnounUS /klæs/

a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

comparedverbUS /kəmˈperd/

past form of “compare” — examine and note the similarities or differences of

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

conductverbUS /ˈkɑːndəkt/

direct the course of; manage or control

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

conferencenounUS /ˈkɑːnfərəns/

a prearranged meeting for consultation or exchange of information or discussion (especially one with a formal agenda)

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading The peer could be degraded, the inferior could become a peer.

customnounUS /ˈkʌstəm/

accepted or habitual practice

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

degradedadjectiveUS /dɪˈɡreɪdəd/

unrestrained by convention or morality

From this reading The peer could be degraded, the inferior could become a peer.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading Pausanias did not that night quit the city.

distinctionsnounUS /dɪˈstɪŋkʃənz/

plural of “distinction” — a discrimination between things as different and distinct on the basis of their characteristics or attributes

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

entitledadjectiveUS /enˈtaɪtəld/

qualified for by right according to law

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

EqualsnounUS /ˈiːkwəlz/

plural of “equal” — a person who is of equal standing with another in a group

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

governmentnounUS /ˈɡʌvərmənt/

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

heldadjectiveUS /held/

occupied or in the control of; often used in combination

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

hereditaryadjectiveUS /hərˈedəteri/

occurring among members of a family usually by heredity

From this reading These distinctions, though hereditary, were not immutable.

higheradjectiveUS /ˈhaɪər/

advanced in complexity or elaboration

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

immutableadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈmjuːtəbəl/

not subject or susceptible to change or variation in form or quality or nature

From this reading These distinctions, though hereditary, were not immutable.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

inaptly

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

inferioradjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈfɪriər/

of or characteristic of low rank or importance

From this reading The peer could be degraded, the inferior could become a peer.

Inferiors

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

intelligiblyadverbUS /ˌɪnˈtelədʒəbli/

in an intelligible manner

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

Laconiannoun

a resident of Laconia

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

lowerverbUS /ˈloʊər/

move something or somebody to a lower position

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

mainadjectiveUS /meɪn/

most important element

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

meetingnounUS /ˈmiːtɪŋ/

a formally arranged gathering

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

nightnounUS /naɪt/

the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside

From this reading Pausanias did not that night quit the city.

nobleadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊbəl/

impressive in appearance

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Pausanias did not that night quit the city.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

Pausanias

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Pausanias did not that night quit the city.

peernounUS /pɪr/

a person who is of equal standing with another in a group

From this reading The peer could be degraded, the inferior could become a peer.

PeersnounUS /pɪrz/

plural of “peer” — a person who is of equal standing with another in a group

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

populationnounUS /ˌpɑːpjəˈleɪʃən/

the people who inhabit a territory or state

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

privateadjectiveUS /ˈpraɪvət/

confined to particular persons or groups or providing privacy

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

pureadjectiveUS /pjʊr/

free of extraneous elements of any kind

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

quitverbUS /kwɪt/

put an end to a state or an activity

From this reading Pausanias did not that night quit the city.

realitynounUS /ˌriːˈælətiː/

all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

renderverbUS /ˈrendər/

cause to become

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

republicnounUS /riˈpʌblək/

a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

SpartanadjectiveUS /ˈspɑːrtən/

of or relating to or characteristic of Sparta or its people

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

spiesnounUS /spaɪz/

plural of “spy” — (military) a secret agent hired by a state to obtain information about its enemies or by a business to obtain industrial secrets from competitors

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

subjectnounUS /səbˈdʒekt/

the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Pausanias did not that night quit the city.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Pausanias did not that night quit the city.

ThesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading These distinctions, though hereditary, were not immutable.

ThoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading These distinctions, though hereditary, were not immutable.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

witnessesnounUS /ˈwɪtnəsəz/

plural of “witness” — someone who sees an event and reports what happened

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

wordnounUS /wɜːrd/

a unit of language that native speakers can identify

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

Chapter 9 of Pausanias, the Spartan by Edward Bulwer Lytton, Baron Lytton holds 79 sentences, grouped into 16 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 9 of Pausanias, the Spartan contain?

Chapter 9 holds 79 sentences of Pausanias, the Spartan, unabridged, divided into 16 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 9 of Pausanias, the Spartan by Edward Bulwer Lytton, Baron Lytton exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 79 sentences, grouped into 16 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 9 of Pausanias, the Spartan?

Work through the 16 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 16 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 9 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 9 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Vocabulary met early in Pausanias, the Spartan

Words and structures a reader meets early in Pausanias, the Spartan, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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