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Pausanias, the Spartan
Pausanias, the Spartan

Chapter IX

Cover illustration for Pausanias, the Spartan
Context Illustration Reading 1/16 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Pausanias did not that night quit the city.
After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.
Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.
These distinctions, though hereditary, were not immutable.
The peer could be degraded, the inferior could become a peer.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Pausanias, the Spartan

Chapter IX

Reading 1/16 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Pausanias did not that night quit the city.
Line 2
After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.
Line 3
Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.
Line 4
These distinctions, though hereditary, were not immutable.
Line 5
The peer could be degraded, the inferior could become a peer.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

After preposition US /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading “After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.”

Appearance noun US /ˈappearance/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.”

Could modal verb US /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading “The peer could be degraded, the inferior could become a peer.”

Every determiner US /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading “Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.”

Might modal verb US /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading “Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.”

These determiner US /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading “These distinctions, though hereditary, were not immutable.”

Though conjunction US /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading “Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.”

All words in this reading · 72

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

acknowledged

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

AfterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

appearancenounUS /ˈappearance/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

assigned

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

attendants

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The peer could be degraded, the inferior could become a peer.

become

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The peer could be degraded, the inferior could become a peer.

city

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Pausanias did not that night quit the city.

class

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

compared

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

conduct

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

conference

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading The peer could be degraded, the inferior could become a peer.

custom

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

degraded

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The peer could be degraded, the inferior could become a peer.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading Pausanias did not that night quit the city.

distinctions

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

entitled

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

Equals

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

government

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

held

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

hereditary

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These distinctions, though hereditary, were not immutable.

higher

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

immutable

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These distinctions, though hereditary, were not immutable.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

inaptly

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

inferior

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The peer could be degraded, the inferior could become a peer.

Inferiors

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

intelligibly

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

Laconian

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

lower

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

main

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

meeting

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

more

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

night

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Pausanias did not that night quit the city.

noble

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Pausanias did not that night quit the city.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

Pausanias

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Pausanias did not that night quit the city.

peer

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The peer could be degraded, the inferior could become a peer.

Peers

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

population

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

private

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

pure

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

quit

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Pausanias did not that night quit the city.

reality

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

render

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

republic

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

Spartan

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

spies

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

subject

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Pausanias did not that night quit the city.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Pausanias did not that night quit the city.

ThesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading These distinctions, though hereditary, were not immutable.

ThoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

two

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading These distinctions, though hereditary, were not immutable.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

witnesses

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After the meeting, he held a private conference with the Spartan Equals, whom custom and the government assigned, in appearance as his attendants, in reality as witnesses if not spies of his conduct.

word

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though every pure Spartan, as compared with the subject Laconian population, was noble, the republic acknowledged two main distinctions in class, the higher, entitled Equals, a word which we might not inaptly and more intelligibly render Peers; the lower, Inferiors.