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Pausanias, the Spartan
Pausanias, the Spartan

Chapter XXIV · Chapter 24

Chapter 24 of Pausanias, the Spartan is here in full — 14 sentences across 3 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/2 · 5 lines
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Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.
It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.
These tables in Sparta were supplied by private contributions; each head of a family was obliged to send a certain portion at his own cost, and according to the number of his children.
If his fortune did not allow him to do this, he was excluded from the public tables.
Hence a certain fortune was indispensable to the pure Spartan, and this was one reason why it was permitted to expose infants, if the family threatened to be too large for the father's means.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Pausanias, the Spartan

Chapter XXIV · Chapter 24

Chapter 24 of Pausanias, the Spartan is here in full — 14 sentences across 3 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/2 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.
/ˈnʌθɪŋ soʊ ˈlɑːrdʒli kənˈtrɪbjuːtɪd tuː ðə pəˈkjuːljər ˈkerɪktər ʌv ˈspɑːrtən səˈsaɪəti æz ðə ˈjuːnəfɔːrm ˈkʌstəm ʌv ˈteɪkɪŋ ðə ˈprɪnsəpəl miːl æt ə ˈpʌblɪk ˈteɪbəl/
Line 2
It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.
Line 3
These tables in Sparta were supplied by private contributions; each head of a family was obliged to send a certain portion at his own cost, and according to the number of his children.
/ðiːz ˈteɪbəlz ɪn ˈspɑːrtɑː wɜːr səˈplaɪd baɪ ˈpraɪvət ˌkɑːntrəˈbjuːʃənz iːtʃ hed ʌv ə ˈfæməli wɑːz əˈblaɪdʒd tuː send ə ˈsɜːrtən ˈpɔːrʃən æt hɪz oʊn kɑːst ənd əˈkɔːrdɪŋ tuː ðə ˈnʌmbər ʌv hɪz ˈtʃɪldrən/
Line 4
If his fortune did not allow him to do this, he was excluded from the public tables.
/ɪf hɪz ˈfɔːrtʃən dɪd nɑːt əˈlaʊ hɪm tuː duː ðɪs hiː wɑːz ɪkˈskluːdəd frʌm ðə ˈpʌblɪk ˈteɪbəlz/
Line 5
Hence a certain fortune was indispensable to the pure Spartan, and this was one reason why it was permitted to expose infants, if the family threatened to be too large for the father's means.
/hens ə ˈsɜːrtən ˈfɔːrtʃən wɑːz ˌɪndɪˈspensəbəl tuː ðə pjʊr ˈspɑːrtən ənd ðɪs wɑːz wʌn ˈriːzən waɪ ɪt wɑːz pərˈmɪtɪd tuː ɪkˈspoʊz ˈɪnfənts ɪf ðə ˈfæməli ˈθretənd tuː biː tuː lɑːrdʒ fɔːr ðə ˈfɑːðərz miːnz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

aristocrats noun US /ərˈɪstəkræts/

plural of “aristocrat” — a member of the aristocracy

From this reading “It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.”

contributions noun US /ˌkɑːntrəˈbjuːʃənz/

plural of “contribution” — the effort contributed by a person in bringing about a result

From this reading “These tables in Sparta were supplied by private contributions; each head of a family was obliged to send a certain portion at his own cost, and according to the number of his children.”

feasted verb US /ˈfiːstɪd/

past form of “feast” — partake in a feast or banquet

From this reading “It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.”

infants noun US /ˈɪnfənts/

plural of “infant” — a very young child (birth to 1 year) who has not yet begun to walk or talk

From this reading “Hence a certain fortune was indispensable to the pure Spartan, and this was one reason why it was permitted to expose infants, if the family threatened to be too large for the father's means.”

messed verb US /mest/

past form of “mess” — eat in a mess hall

From this reading “It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.”

Sparta noun US /ˈspɑːrtɑː/

an ancient Greek city famous for military prowess; the dominant city of the Peloponnesus prior to the 4th century BC

From this reading “These tables in Sparta were supplied by private contributions; each head of a family was obliged to send a certain portion at his own cost, and according to the number of his children.”

Spartan adjective US /ˈspɑːrtən/

of or relating to or characteristic of Sparta or its people

From this reading “Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.”

status noun US /ˈstætəs/

the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society

From this reading “It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.”

All words in this reading · 115

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.

accordingadjectiveUS /əˈkɔːrdɪŋ/

(followed by “to”) in agreement with or accordant with

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

allowverbUS /əˈlaʊ/

make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen

From this reading If his fortune did not allow him to do this, he was excluded from the public tables.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

amongstprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋst/

surrounded by; in the company of

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

aristocracynounUS /ˌerəˈstɑːkrəsi/

a privileged class holding hereditary titles

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

aristocratsnounUS /ərˈɪstəkræts/

plural of “aristocrat” — a member of the aristocracy

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.

associationnounUS /əˌsoʊsiˈeɪʃən/

a formal organization of people or groups of people

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Hence a certain fortune was indispensable to the pure Spartan, and this was one reason why it was permitted to expose infants, if the family threatened to be too large for the father's means.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading These tables in Sparta were supplied by private contributions; each head of a family was obliged to send a certain portion at his own cost, and according to the number of his children.

certainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading These tables in Sparta were supplied by private contributions; each head of a family was obliged to send a certain portion at his own cost, and according to the number of his children.

characternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.

childrennounUS /ˈtʃɪldrən/

plural of “child” — a young person of either sex

From this reading These tables in Sparta were supplied by private contributions; each head of a family was obliged to send a certain portion at his own cost, and according to the number of his children.

conduced

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

contributedverbUS /kənˈtrɪbjuːtɪd/

past form of “contribute” — bestow a quality on

From this reading Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.

contributionsnounUS /ˌkɑːntrəˈbjuːʃənz/

plural of “contribution” — the effort contributed by a person in bringing about a result

From this reading These tables in Sparta were supplied by private contributions; each head of a family was obliged to send a certain portion at his own cost, and according to the number of his children.

costnounUS /kɑːst/

the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor

From this reading These tables in Sparta were supplied by private contributions; each head of a family was obliged to send a certain portion at his own cost, and according to the number of his children.

customnounUS /ˈkʌstəm/

accepted or habitual practice

From this reading Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading If his fortune did not allow him to do this, he was excluded from the public tables.

divisionsnounUS /dɪˈvɪʒənz/

plural of “division” — an army unit large enough to sustain combat

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading If his fortune did not allow him to do this, he was excluded from the public tables.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

equalverbUS /ˈiːkwəl/

be identical or equivalent to

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

equalitynounUS /ɪˈkwɑːləti/

the quality of being the same in quantity or measure or value or status

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

excludedverbUS /ɪkˈskluːdəd/

past form of “exclude” — prevent from being included or considered or accepted

From this reading If his fortune did not allow him to do this, he was excluded from the public tables.

exposeverbUS /ɪkˈspoʊz/

expose or make accessible to some action or influence

From this reading Hence a certain fortune was indispensable to the pure Spartan, and this was one reason why it was permitted to expose infants, if the family threatened to be too large for the father's means.

familynounUS /ˈfæməli/

a social unit living together

From this reading These tables in Sparta were supplied by private contributions; each head of a family was obliged to send a certain portion at his own cost, and according to the number of his children.

father'snounUS /ˈfɑːðərz/

possessive form of “father” — a male parent (also used as a term of address to your father)

From this reading Hence a certain fortune was indispensable to the pure Spartan, and this was one reason why it was permitted to expose infants, if the family threatened to be too large for the father's means.

feastedverbUS /ˈfiːstɪd/

past form of “feast” — partake in a feast or banquet

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

fellowshipnounUS /ˈfeloʊʃɪp/

an association of people who share common beliefs or activities

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

fieldnounUS /fiːld/

a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

formedadjectiveUS /fɔːrmd/

having or given a form or shape

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

fortunenounUS /ˈfɔːrtʃən/

an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that causes an event to result one way rather than another

From this reading If his fortune did not allow him to do this, he was excluded from the public tables.

foughtverbUS /fɔːt/

inflected form of “fight” — be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

fournounUS /fɔːr/

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading If his fortune did not allow him to do this, he was excluded from the public tables.

habitnounUS /ˈhæbət/

an established custom

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading If his fortune did not allow him to do this, he was excluded from the public tables.

headnounUS /hed/

the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading These tables in Sparta were supplied by private contributions; each head of a family was obliged to send a certain portion at his own cost, and according to the number of his children.

heldadjectiveUS /held/

occupied or in the control of; often used in combination

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

HenceadverbUS /hens/

for this reason

From this reading Hence a certain fortune was indispensable to the pure Spartan, and this was one reason why it was permitted to expose infants, if the family threatened to be too large for the father's means.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading If his fortune did not allow him to do this, he was excluded from the public tables.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading These tables in Sparta were supplied by private contributions; each head of a family was obliged to send a certain portion at his own cost, and according to the number of his children.

homenounUS /hoʊm/

where you live at a particular time

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

IfconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading If his fortune did not allow him to do this, he was excluded from the public tables.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

indispensableadjectiveUS /ˌɪndɪˈspensəbəl/

not to be dispensed with; essential

From this reading Hence a certain fortune was indispensable to the pure Spartan, and this was one reason why it was permitted to expose infants, if the family threatened to be too large for the father's means.

infantsnounUS /ˈɪnfənts/

plural of “infant” — a very young child (birth to 1 year) who has not yet begun to walk or talk

From this reading Hence a certain fortune was indispensable to the pure Spartan, and this was one reason why it was permitted to expose infants, if the family threatened to be too large for the father's means.

intimateadjectiveUS /ˈɪntəmət/

marked by close acquaintance, association, or familiarity

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

largeadjectiveUS /lɑːrdʒ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Hence a certain fortune was indispensable to the pure Spartan, and this was one reason why it was permitted to expose infants, if the family threatened to be too large for the father's means.

largelyadverbUS /ˈlɑːrdʒli/

in large part; mainly or chiefly

From this reading Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.

lastlyadverbUS /ˈlæstli/

the item at the end

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

mealnounUS /miːl/

the food served and eaten at one time

From this reading Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading Hence a certain fortune was indispensable to the pure Spartan, and this was one reason why it was permitted to expose infants, if the family threatened to be too large for the father's means.

messedverbUS /mest/

past form of “mess” — eat in a mess hall

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

militaryadjectiveUS /ˈmɪləteri/

of or relating to the study of the principles of warfare

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

naturallyadverbUS /ˈnætʃərəli/

as might be expected

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading If his fortune did not allow him to do this, he was excluded from the public tables.

NothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.

numbernounUS /ˈnʌmbər/

the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals

From this reading These tables in Sparta were supplied by private contributions; each head of a family was obliged to send a certain portion at his own cost, and according to the number of his children.

objectsnounUS /ˈɑːbdʒekts/

plural of “object” — a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

obligedadjectiveUS /əˈblaɪdʒd/

under a moral obligation to do something

From this reading These tables in Sparta were supplied by private contributions; each head of a family was obliged to send a certain portion at his own cost, and according to the number of his children.

occasionsnounUS /əˈkeɪʒənz/

something you have to do

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Hence a certain fortune was indispensable to the pure Spartan, and this was one reason why it was permitted to expose infants, if the family threatened to be too large for the father's means.

opinionnounUS /əˈpɪnjən/

a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading These tables in Sparta were supplied by private contributions; each head of a family was obliged to send a certain portion at his own cost, and according to the number of his children.

peculiaradjectiveUS /pəˈkjuːljər/

beyond or deviating from the usual or expected

From this reading Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.

permittedverbUS /pərˈmɪtɪd/

inflected form of “permit” — consent to, give permission

From this reading Hence a certain fortune was indispensable to the pure Spartan, and this was one reason why it was permitted to expose infants, if the family threatened to be too large for the father's means.

portionnounUS /ˈpɔːrʃən/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading These tables in Sparta were supplied by private contributions; each head of a family was obliged to send a certain portion at his own cost, and according to the number of his children.

preciseadjectiveUS /prɪˈsaɪs/

sharply exact or accurate or delimited

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

principalnounUS /ˈprɪnsəpəl/

the original amount of a debt on which interest is calculated

From this reading Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.

privateadjectiveUS /ˈpraɪvət/

confined to particular persons or groups or providing privacy

From this reading These tables in Sparta were supplied by private contributions; each head of a family was obliged to send a certain portion at his own cost, and according to the number of his children.

publicnounUS /ˈpʌblɪk/

people in general considered as a whole

From this reading Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.

pureadjectiveUS /pjʊr/

free of extraneous elements of any kind

From this reading Hence a certain fortune was indispensable to the pure Spartan, and this was one reason why it was permitted to expose infants, if the family threatened to be too large for the father's means.

ranknounUS /ræŋk/

a row or line of people (especially soldiers or police) standing abreast of one another

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

reasonnounUS /ˈriːzən/

a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading Hence a certain fortune was indispensable to the pure Spartan, and this was one reason why it was permitted to expose infants, if the family threatened to be too large for the father's means.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

sendverbUS /send/

cause to go somewhere

From this reading These tables in Sparta were supplied by private contributions; each head of a family was obliged to send a certain portion at his own cost, and according to the number of his children.

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.

societynounUS /səˈsaɪəti/

an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization

From this reading Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.

sortnounUS /sɔːrt/

a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

SpartanounUS /ˈspɑːrtɑː/

an ancient Greek city famous for military prowess; the dominant city of the Peloponnesus prior to the 4th century BC

From this reading These tables in Sparta were supplied by private contributions; each head of a family was obliged to send a certain portion at his own cost, and according to the number of his children.

SpartanadjectiveUS /ˈspɑːrtən/

of or relating to or characteristic of Sparta or its people

From this reading Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.

statusnounUS /ˈstætəs/

the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

suppliedverbUS /səˈplaɪd/

inflected form of “supply” — give something useful or necessary to

From this reading These tables in Sparta were supplied by private contributions; each head of a family was obliged to send a certain portion at his own cost, and according to the number of his children.

tablenounUS /ˈteɪbəl/

a set of data arranged in rows and columns

From this reading Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.

tablesnounUS /ˈteɪbəlz/

plural of “table” — a set of data arranged in rows and columns

From this reading These tables in Sparta were supplied by private contributions; each head of a family was obliged to send a certain portion at his own cost, and according to the number of his children.

takingnounUS /ˈteɪkɪŋ/

the act of someone who picks up or takes something

From this reading Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.

ThesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading These tables in Sparta were supplied by private contributions; each head of a family was obliged to send a certain portion at his own cost, and according to the number of his children.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading If his fortune did not allow him to do this, he was excluded from the public tables.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

threatenedadjectiveUS /ˈθretənd/

(of flora or fauna) likely in the near future to become endangered

From this reading Hence a certain fortune was indispensable to the pure Spartan, and this was one reason why it was permitted to expose infants, if the family threatened to be too large for the father's means.

titlenounUS /ˈtaɪtəl/

a heading that names a statute or legislative bill; may give a brief summary of the matters it deals with

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.

togetheradverbUS /təˈɡeðər/

in contact with each other or in proximity

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading Hence a certain fortune was indispensable to the pure Spartan, and this was one reason why it was permitted to expose infants, if the family threatened to be too large for the father's means.

uniformadjectiveUS /ˈjuːnəfɔːrm/

always the same; showing a single form or character in all occurrences

From this reading Nothing so largely contributed to the peculiar character of Spartan society as the uniform custom of taking the principal meal at a public table.

unionnounUS /ˈjuːnjən/

an organization of employees formed to bargain with the employer

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading These tables in Sparta were supplied by private contributions; each head of a family was obliged to send a certain portion at his own cost, and according to the number of his children.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading It conduced to four objects: the precise status of aristocracy, since each table was formed according to title and rank,--equality among aristocrats, since each at the same table was held the equal of the other--military union, for as they feasted so they fought, being formed into divisions in the field according as they messed together at home; and lastly, that sort of fellowship in public opinion which intimate association amongst those of the same rank and habit naturally occasions.

whynounUS /waɪ/

the cause or intention underlying an action or situation, especially in the phrase “the whys and wherefores”

From this reading Hence a certain fortune was indispensable to the pure Spartan, and this was one reason why it was permitted to expose infants, if the family threatened to be too large for the father's means.

Chapter 24 of Pausanias, the Spartan by Edward Bulwer Lytton, Baron Lytton holds 14 sentences, grouped into 3 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

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Chapter 24 holds 14 sentences of Pausanias, the Spartan, unabridged, divided into 3 reading sections.

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