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Chapter V · Modern Times: Chatillon

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Context Illustration Reading 1/163 · 5 lines
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I. THE REVEREND FATHERS AGARIC AND CORNEMUSE Every system of government produces people who are dissatisfied.
The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.
These looked with regret and hope to Prince Crucho, the last of the Draconides, a prince adorned both with the grace of youth and the melancholy of exile.
It also produced them from among the smaller traders, who, owing to profound economic causes, no longer gained a livelihood.
They believed that this was the fault of the republic which they had at first adored and from which each day they were now becoming more detached.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Penguin Island

Chapter V · Modern Times: Chatillon

Reading 1/163 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
I. THE REVEREND FATHERS AGARIC AND CORNEMUSE Every system of government produces people who are dissatisfied.
Line 2
The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.
Line 3
These looked with regret and hope to Prince Crucho, the last of the Draconides, a prince adorned both with the grace of youth and the melancholy of exile.
Line 4
It also produced them from among the smaller traders, who, owing to profound economic causes, no longer gained a livelihood.
Line 5
They believed that this was the fault of the republic which they had at first adored and from which each day they were now becoming more detached.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Among preposition US /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading “The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.”

Ancient adjective US /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading “The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.”

Been auxiliary verb US /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading “The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.”

Every determiner US /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading “I. THE REVEREND FATHERS AGARIC AND CORNEMUSE Every system of government produces people who are dissatisfied.”

First noun US /first/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.”

Last noun US /last/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “These looked with regret and hope to Prince Crucho, the last of the Draconides, a prince adorned both with the grace of youth and the melancholy of exile.”

Looked noun US /looked/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “These looked with regret and hope to Prince Crucho, the last of the Draconides, a prince adorned both with the grace of youth and the melancholy of exile.”

Owing noun US /owing/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “It also produced them from among the smaller traders, who, owing to profound economic causes, no longer gained a livelihood.”

These determiner US /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading “These looked with regret and hope to Prince Crucho, the last of the Draconides, a prince adorned both with the grace of youth and the melancholy of exile.”

Thing noun US /thing/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.”

All words in this reading · 77

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading These looked with regret and hope to Prince Crucho, the last of the Draconides, a prince adorned both with the grace of youth and the melancholy of exile.

adored

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They believed that this was the fault of the republic which they had at first adored and from which each day they were now becoming more detached.

adorned

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These looked with regret and hope to Prince Crucho, the last of the Draconides, a prince adorned both with the grace of youth and the melancholy of exile.

AGARIC

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I. THE REVEREND FATHERS AGARIC AND CORNEMUSE Every system of government produces people who are dissatisfied.

also

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It also produced them from among the smaller traders, who, owing to profound economic causes, no longer gained a livelihood.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.

ancientadjectiveUS /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading I. THE REVEREND FATHERS AGARIC AND CORNEMUSE Every system of government produces people who are dissatisfied.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading I. THE REVEREND FATHERS AGARIC AND CORNEMUSE Every system of government produces people who are dissatisfied.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.

becoming

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They believed that this was the fault of the republic which they had at first adored and from which each day they were now becoming more detached.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.

believed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They believed that this was the fault of the republic which they had at first adored and from which each day they were now becoming more detached.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading These looked with regret and hope to Prince Crucho, the last of the Draconides, a prince adorned both with the grace of youth and the melancholy of exile.

causes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It also produced them from among the smaller traders, who, owing to profound economic causes, no longer gained a livelihood.

CORNEMUSE

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I. THE REVEREND FATHERS AGARIC AND CORNEMUSE Every system of government produces people who are dissatisfied.

Crucho

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These looked with regret and hope to Prince Crucho, the last of the Draconides, a prince adorned both with the grace of youth and the melancholy of exile.

day

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They believed that this was the fault of the republic which they had at first adored and from which each day they were now becoming more detached.

despoiled

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.

detached

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They believed that this was the fault of the republic which they had at first adored and from which each day they were now becoming more detached.

dissatisfied

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I. THE REVEREND FATHERS AGARIC AND CORNEMUSE Every system of government produces people who are dissatisfied.

Draconides

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These looked with regret and hope to Prince Crucho, the last of the Draconides, a prince adorned both with the grace of youth and the melancholy of exile.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading They believed that this was the fault of the republic which they had at first adored and from which each day they were now becoming more detached.

economic

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It also produced them from among the smaller traders, who, owing to profound economic causes, no longer gained a livelihood.

EverydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading I. THE REVEREND FATHERS AGARIC AND CORNEMUSE Every system of government produces people who are dissatisfied.

exile

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These looked with regret and hope to Prince Crucho, the last of the Draconides, a prince adorned both with the grace of youth and the melancholy of exile.

FATHERS

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I. THE REVEREND FATHERS AGARIC AND CORNEMUSE Every system of government produces people who are dissatisfied.

fault

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They believed that this was the fault of the republic which they had at first adored and from which each day they were now becoming more detached.

firstnounUS /first/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.

gained

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It also produced them from among the smaller traders, who, owing to profound economic causes, no longer gained a livelihood.

government

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I. THE REVEREND FATHERS AGARIC AND CORNEMUSE Every system of government produces people who are dissatisfied.

grace

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These looked with regret and hope to Prince Crucho, the last of the Draconides, a prince adorned both with the grace of youth and the melancholy of exile.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.

hope

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These looked with regret and hope to Prince Crucho, the last of the Draconides, a prince adorned both with the grace of youth and the melancholy of exile.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I. THE REVEREND FATHERS AGARIC AND CORNEMUSE Every system of government produces people who are dissatisfied.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It also produced them from among the smaller traders, who, owing to profound economic causes, no longer gained a livelihood.

lastnounUS /last/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading These looked with regret and hope to Prince Crucho, the last of the Draconides, a prince adorned both with the grace of youth and the melancholy of exile.

livelihood

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It also produced them from among the smaller traders, who, owing to profound economic causes, no longer gained a livelihood.

longer

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It also produced them from among the smaller traders, who, owing to profound economic causes, no longer gained a livelihood.

lookednounUS /looked/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading These looked with regret and hope to Prince Crucho, the last of the Draconides, a prince adorned both with the grace of youth and the melancholy of exile.

melancholy

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These looked with regret and hope to Prince Crucho, the last of the Draconides, a prince adorned both with the grace of youth and the melancholy of exile.

more

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They believed that this was the fault of the republic which they had at first adored and from which each day they were now becoming more detached.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading It also produced them from among the smaller traders, who, owing to profound economic causes, no longer gained a livelihood.

nobles

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.

now

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They believed that this was the fault of the republic which they had at first adored and from which each day they were now becoming more detached.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading I. THE REVEREND FATHERS AGARIC AND CORNEMUSE Every system of government produces people who are dissatisfied.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.

owing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It also produced them from among the smaller traders, who, owing to profound economic causes, no longer gained a livelihood.

people

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I. THE REVEREND FATHERS AGARIC AND CORNEMUSE Every system of government produces people who are dissatisfied.

Prince

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These looked with regret and hope to Prince Crucho, the last of the Draconides, a prince adorned both with the grace of youth and the melancholy of exile.

privileges

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.

produced

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.

produces

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I. THE REVEREND FATHERS AGARIC AND CORNEMUSE Every system of government produces people who are dissatisfied.

profound

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It also produced them from among the smaller traders, who, owing to profound economic causes, no longer gained a livelihood.

Public

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.

regret

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These looked with regret and hope to Prince Crucho, the last of the Draconides, a prince adorned both with the grace of youth and the melancholy of exile.

Republic

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.

REVEREND

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I. THE REVEREND FATHERS AGARIC AND CORNEMUSE Every system of government produces people who are dissatisfied.

smaller

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It also produced them from among the smaller traders, who, owing to profound economic causes, no longer gained a livelihood.

system

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I. THE REVEREND FATHERS AGARIC AND CORNEMUSE Every system of government produces people who are dissatisfied.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading They believed that this was the fault of the republic which they had at first adored and from which each day they were now becoming more detached.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading I. THE REVEREND FATHERS AGARIC AND CORNEMUSE Every system of government produces people who are dissatisfied.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.

ThesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading These looked with regret and hope to Prince Crucho, the last of the Draconides, a prince adorned both with the grace of youth and the melancholy of exile.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading They believed that this was the fault of the republic which they had at first adored and from which each day they were now becoming more detached.

ThingnounUS /thing/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The Republic or Public Thing produced them at first from among the nobles who had been despoiled of their ancient privileges.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading They believed that this was the fault of the republic which they had at first adored and from which each day they were now becoming more detached.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading These looked with regret and hope to Prince Crucho, the last of the Draconides, a prince adorned both with the grace of youth and the melancholy of exile.

traders

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It also produced them from among the smaller traders, who, owing to profound economic causes, no longer gained a livelihood.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading They believed that this was the fault of the republic which they had at first adored and from which each day they were now becoming more detached.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading They believed that this was the fault of the republic which they had at first adored and from which each day they were now becoming more detached.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading They believed that this was the fault of the republic which they had at first adored and from which each day they were now becoming more detached.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading I. THE REVEREND FATHERS AGARIC AND CORNEMUSE Every system of government produces people who are dissatisfied.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading These looked with regret and hope to Prince Crucho, the last of the Draconides, a prince adorned both with the grace of youth and the melancholy of exile.

youth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These looked with regret and hope to Prince Crucho, the last of the Draconides, a prince adorned both with the grace of youth and the melancholy of exile.