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Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea
Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea is here in full — 37 sentences across 8 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea
Context Illustration Reading 1/7 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
SOME OTHER INSTANCES OF AERIAL REFLECTION.
There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.
One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.
They seemed to go round one end of the mountain, and disappeared.
The next morning the farmer and his servant went round the track which the horses and man had seemed to take, fully expecting to find that they had fallen over and been killed.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea is here in full — 37 sentences across 8 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/7 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
SOME OTHER INSTANCES OF AERIAL REFLECTION.
/sʌm ˈʌðər ˈɪnstənsəz ʌv ˈeriəl rɪˈflekʃən/
Line 2
There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.
Line 3
One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.
Line 4
They seemed to go round one end of the mountain, and disappeared.
/ðeɪ siːmd tuː ɡoʊ raʊnd wʌn end ʌv ðə ˈmaʊntən ənd ˌdɪsəˈpɪrd/
Line 5
The next morning the farmer and his servant went round the track which the horses and man had seemed to take, fully expecting to find that they had fallen over and been killed.
/ðə nekst ˈmɔːrnɪŋ ðə ˈfɑːrmər ənd hɪz ˈsɜːrvənt went raʊnd ðə træk wɪtʃ ðə ˈhɔːrsəz ənd mæn hæd siːmd tuː teɪk ˈfʊli ɪkˈspektɪŋ tuː faɪnd ðæt ðeɪ hæd ˈfɑːlən ˈoʊvər ənd bɪn kɪld/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

aerial noun US /ˈeriəl/

a pass to a receiver downfield from the passer

From this reading “SOME OTHER INSTANCES OF AERIAL REFLECTION.”

chasing verb US /ˈtʃeɪsɪŋ/

-ing form of “chase” — go after with the intent to catch

From this reading “One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.”

Cumberland noun US /ˈkʌmbərlənd/

English general; son of George II; fought unsuccessfully in the battle of Fontenoy (1721-1765)

From this reading “There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.”

instances noun US /ˈɪnstənsəz/

plural of “instance” — an occurrence of something

From this reading “SOME OTHER INSTANCES OF AERIAL REFLECTION.”

ledge noun US /ledʒ/

a projecting ridge on a mountain or submerged under water

From this reading “One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.”

Spectre noun US /ˈspektər/

a ghostly appearing figure

From this reading “There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.”

summer's noun US /ˈsʌmərz/

possessive form of “summer” — the warmest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox

From this reading “One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.”

Wren noun US /ren/

English architect who designed more than fifty London churches (1632-1723)

From this reading “One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

next morning adjective + noun

In this reading “The next morning the farmer and his servant went round the track which the horses and man had seemed to take, fully expecting to find that they had fallen over and been killed.”

summer's evening noun + noun counted as “summer evening”

In this reading “One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.”

along a ledge preposition + article + noun counted as “along … ledge”

In this reading “One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.”

like the Spectre verb + article + noun counted as “like … spectre”

In this reading “There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.”

at the door preposition + article + noun counted as “at … door”

In this reading “One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.”

go round verb + noun

In this reading “They seemed to go round one end of the mountain, and disappeared.”

stand upon verb + particle

In this reading “One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.”

All words in this reading · 86

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1743

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.

AERIALnounUS /ˈeriəl/

a pass to a receiver downfield from the passer

From this reading SOME OTHER INSTANCES OF AERIAL REFLECTION.

alongprepositionUS /əˈlɔːŋ/

following the length of something from one end toward the other

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.

Brocken

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.

chasingverbUS /ˈtʃeɪsɪŋ/

-ing form of “chase” — go after with the intent to catch

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

cottagenounUS /ˈkɑːtədʒ/

a small house with a single story

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

CumberlandnounUS /ˈkʌmbərlənd/

English general; son of George II; fought unsuccessfully in the battle of Fontenoy (1721-1765)

From this reading There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.

disappearedverbUS /ˌdɪsəˈpɪrd/

past form of “disappear” — get lost, as without warning or explanation

From this reading They seemed to go round one end of the mountain, and disappeared.

dognounUS /dɔːɡ/

a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

doornounUS /dɔːr/

a swinging or sliding barrier that will close the entrance to a room or building or vehicle

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

endnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading They seemed to go round one end of the mountain, and disappeared.

eveningnounUS /ˈiːvnɪŋ/

the latter part of the day (the period of decreasing daylight from late afternoon until nightfall)

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

expectingverbUS /ɪkˈspektɪŋ/

-ing form of “expect” — regard something as probable or likely

From this reading The next morning the farmer and his servant went round the track which the horses and man had seemed to take, fully expecting to find that they had fallen over and been killed.

fallenadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːlən/

having dropped by the force of gravity

From this reading The next morning the farmer and his servant went round the track which the horses and man had seemed to take, fully expecting to find that they had fallen over and been killed.

farmernounUS /ˈfɑːrmər/

a person who operates a farm

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

FellverbUS /fel/

cause to fall by or as if by delivering a blow

From this reading There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading The next morning the farmer and his servant went round the track which the horses and man had seemed to take, fully expecting to find that they had fallen over and been killed.

fullyadverbUS /ˈfʊli/

to the greatest degree or extent; completely or entirely; (“full” in this sense is used as a combining form)

From this reading The next morning the farmer and his servant went round the track which the horses and man had seemed to take, fully expecting to find that they had fallen over and been killed.

furiouslyadverbUS /ˈfjʊriəsli/

(of the elements) in a wild and stormy manner

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

goverbUS /ɡoʊ/

change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading They seemed to go round one end of the mountain, and disappeared.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The next morning the farmer and his servant went round the track which the horses and man had seemed to take, fully expecting to find that they had fallen over and been killed.

halfadjectiveUS /hæf/

consisting of one of two equivalent parts in value or quantity

From this reading There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.

hardlyadverbUS /ˈhɑːrdli/

only a very short time before

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.

highadjectiveUS /haɪ/

greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

horsenounUS /hɔːrs/

solid-hoofed herbivorous quadruped domesticated since prehistoric times

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

horsesnounUS /ˈhɔːrsəz/

plural of “horse” — solid-hoofed herbivorous quadruped domesticated since prehistoric times

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.

INSTANCESnounUS /ˈɪnstənsəz/

plural of “instance” — an occurrence of something

From this reading SOME OTHER INSTANCES OF AERIAL REFLECTION.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

JohnnounUS /dʒɑːn/

a room or building equipped with one or more toilets

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

killedverbUS /kɪld/

past form of “kill” — cause to die; put to death, usually intentionally or knowingly

From this reading The next morning the farmer and his servant went round the track which the horses and man had seemed to take, fully expecting to find that they had fallen over and been killed.

knewverbUS /nuː/

inflected form of “know” — be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

ledgenounUS /ledʒ/

a projecting ridge on a mountain or submerged under water

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

milenounUS /maɪl/

a unit of length equal to 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet; exactly 1609.344 meters

From this reading There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.

morningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading The next morning the farmer and his servant went round the track which the horses and man had seemed to take, fully expecting to find that they had fallen over and been killed.

mountainnounUS /ˈmaʊntən/

a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.

namedverbUS /neɪmd/

past form of “name” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

narrowverbUS /ˈneroʊ/

make or become more narrow or restricted

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

nextadjectiveUS /nekst/

immediately following in time or order

From this reading The next morning the farmer and his servant went round the track which the horses and man had seemed to take, fully expecting to find that they had fallen over and been killed.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading SOME OTHER INSTANCES OF AERIAL REFLECTION.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.

OnepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

OTHERadjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading SOME OTHER INSTANCES OF AERIAL REFLECTION.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading The next morning the farmer and his servant went round the track which the horses and man had seemed to take, fully expecting to find that they had fallen over and been killed.

REFLECTIONnounUS /rɪˈflekʃən/

a calm, lengthy, intent consideration

From this reading SOME OTHER INSTANCES OF AERIAL REFLECTION.

roundnounUS /raʊnd/

a charge of ammunition for a single shot

From this reading They seemed to go round one end of the mountain, and disappeared.

sawverbUS /sɔː/

cut with a saw

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading They seemed to go round one end of the mountain, and disappeared.

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.

servantnounUS /ˈsɜːrvənt/

a person working in the service of another (especially in the household)

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

sidenounUS /saɪd/

a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

sittingnounUS /ˈsɪtɪŋ/

(photography) the act of assuming a certain position (as for a photograph or portrait)

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

SOMEadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading SOME OTHER INSTANCES OF AERIAL REFLECTION.

somethingpronounUS /ˈsʌmθɪŋ/

a thing, without saying which

From this reading There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.

Souter

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.

SpectrenounUS /ˈspektər/

a ghostly appearing figure

From this reading There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.

standverbUS /stænd/

be standing; be upright

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

summer'snounUS /ˈsʌmərz/

possessive form of “summer” — the warmest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading The next morning the farmer and his servant went round the track which the horses and man had seemed to take, fully expecting to find that they had fallen over and been killed.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading They seemed to go round one end of the mountain, and disappeared.

tracknounUS /træk/

a line or route along which something travels or moves

From this reading The next morning the farmer and his servant went round the track which the horses and man had seemed to take, fully expecting to find that they had fallen over and been killed.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading There has been something very like the Spectre of the Brocken, seen on Souter Fell, a mountain about half a mile high, in Cumberland.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

wentverbUS /went/

inflected form of “go” — change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading The next morning the farmer and his servant went round the track which the horses and man had seemed to take, fully expecting to find that they had fallen over and been killed.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

WrennounUS /ren/

English architect who designed more than fifty London churches (1632-1723)

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading One summer's evening, in the year 1743, as a farmer, named John Wren, and his servant were sitting at the door of his cottage, they saw a man with a dog furiously chasing some horses along a ledge on the side of the mountain which they knew was so narrow that a horse could hardly stand upon it.

Chapter 31 of Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea by Samuel G. (Samuel Griswold) Goodrich holds 37 sentences, grouped into 8 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea contain?

Chapter 31 holds 37 sentences of Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea, unabridged, divided into 8 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea by Samuel G. (Samuel Griswold) Goodrich exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 37 sentences, grouped into 8 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea?

Work through the 8 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 8 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea

Common questions about reading Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea by Samuel G. (Samuel Griswold) Goodrich on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea?

Yes. All 1915 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #62982 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #62982, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea take to read?

About 159 minutes of reading across 383 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea section by section

How to work through Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 33 chapters of Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea

Words and structures a reader meets early in Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Earth
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Edited
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Wilson
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Additions
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Peter Parley's Wonders of the Earth, Sea; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.