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Philip Augustus
Philip Augustus

Chapter XXXVIII

Chapter 38 of Philip Augustus is here in full — 144 sentences across 29 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/28 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.
The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.
Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.
"There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.
There were to be seen serried shields, and neighing horses, and ringing arms, pennons and banners, and helms and glittering crests."
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Philip Augustus

Chapter XXXVIII

Chapter 38 of Philip Augustus is here in full — 144 sentences across 29 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/28 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.
/fɔːr ˈsevrəl ˈmɪnəts ˈæftər ðə tuː ˈɑːrmiz wɜːr ðʌs reɪndʒd ˈɑːpəzət iːtʃ ˈʌðər boʊθ stʊd wɪˈθaʊt ˈmoʊʃən ˈɡeɪzɪŋ ɑːn ðə ædˈvɜːrs hoʊst/
Line 2
The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.
Line 3
Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.
Line 4
"There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.
Line 5
There were to be seen serried shields, and neighing horses, and ringing arms, pennons and banners, and helms and glittering crests."

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

battalions noun US /bəˈtæljənz/

plural of “battalion” — an army unit usually consisting of a headquarters and three or more companies

From this reading “The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.”

crests noun US /krests/

plural of “crest” — the top line of a hill, mountain, or wave

From this reading “There were to be seen serried shields, and neighing horses, and ringing arms, pennons and banners, and helms and glittering crests."”

helms noun US /helmz/

plural of “helm” — steering mechanism for a vessel; a mechanical device by which a vessel is steered

From this reading “There were to be seen serried shields, and neighing horses, and ringing arms, pennons and banners, and helms and glittering crests."”

jargon noun US /ˈdʒɑːrɡən/

a characteristic language of a particular group (as among thieves)

From this reading “"There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.”

lineages noun US /ˈlɪniɪdʒɪz/

plural of “lineage” — the descendants of one individual

missiles noun US /ˈmɪsəlz/

plural of “missile” — a rocket carrying a warhead of conventional or nuclear explosives; may be ballistic or directed by remote control

From this reading “The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.”

uniformly adverb US /ˈjuːnəfɔːrmli/

in a uniform manner

From this reading “The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.”

vermilion adjective US /vərˈmɪljən/

of a vivid red to reddish-orange color

From this reading “"There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

several minutes adjective + noun

In this reading “For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.”

narrow space verb + noun

In this reading “Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.”

royal court adjective + noun

the family and retinue of a sovereign or prince

In this reading “Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.”

great strength adjective + noun

In this reading “The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.”

All words in this reading · 129

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

adverseadjectiveUS /ædˈvɜːrs/

contrary to your interests or welfare

From this reading For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

archersnounUS /ˈɑːrtʃərz/

plural of “archer” — a person who is expert in the use of a bow and arrow

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

armiesnounUS /ˈɑːrmiz/

plural of “army” — a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.

armsnounUS /ɑːrmz/

weapons considered collectively

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

armynounUS /ˈɑːrmi/

a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

arraynounUS /ərˈeɪ/

an orderly arrangement

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

bannersnounUS /ˈbænərz/

plural of “banner” — long strip of cloth or paper used for decoration or advertising

From this reading There were to be seen serried shields, and neighing horses, and ringing arms, pennons and banners, and helms and glittering crests."

battalionsnounUS /bəˈtæljənz/

plural of “battalion” — an army unit usually consisting of a headquarters and three or more companies

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

battlenounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading There were to be seen serried shields, and neighing horses, and ringing arms, pennons and banners, and helms and glittering crests."

believeverbUS /bɪˈliːv/

accept as true; take to be true

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

blueadjectiveUS /bluː/

of the color intermediate between green and violet; having a color similar to that of a clear unclouded sky

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

bodiesnounUS /ˈbɑːdiz/

plural of “body” — the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.

branchnounUS /bræntʃ/

a division of some larger or more complex organization

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

cavalrynounUS /ˈkævəlri/

troops trained to fight on horseback

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

closeadjectiveUS /kloʊs/

at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

coatnounUS /koʊt/

an outer garment that has sleeves and covers the body from shoulder down; worn outdoors

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

coloursnounUS /ˈkʌlərz/

a distinguishing emblem

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

commenceverbUS /kəˈmens/

take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

composedadjectiveUS /kəmˈpoʊzd/

serenely self-possessed and free from agitation especially in times of stress

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

contemplatingverbUS /ˈkɑːntəmpleɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “contemplate” — look at thoughtfully; observe deep in thought

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

courtnounUS /kɔːrt/

an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

crestsnounUS /krests/

plural of “crest” — the top line of a hill, mountain, or wave

From this reading There were to be seen serried shields, and neighing horses, and ringing arms, pennons and banners, and helms and glittering crests."

cross-bowmen

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

decidedadjectiveUS /ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd/

recognizable; marked

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

devicenounUS /dɪˈvaɪs/

an instrumentality invented for a particular purpose

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.

eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

engagementnounUS /enˈɡeɪdʒmənt/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

entirelyadverbUS /ɪnˈtaɪərli/

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

eventnounUS /ɪˈvent/

something that happens at a given place and time

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

exhibitedverbUS /ɪɡˈzɪbətəd/

past form of “exhibit” — show an attribute, property, knowledge, or skill

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

facenounUS /feɪs/

the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

fieldnounUS /fiːld/

a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.

formedadjectiveUS /fɔːrmd/

having or given a form or shape

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

frontnounUS /frʌnt/

the side that is forward or prominent

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

fête

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

gazingverbUS /ˈɡeɪzɪŋ/

-ing form of “gaze” — look at with fixed eyes

From this reading For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.

gentleadjectiveUS /ˈdʒentəl/

soft and mild; not harsh or stern or severe

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

glitteringadjectiveUS /ˈɡlɪtərɪŋ/

having brief brilliant points or flashes of light

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

goldnounUS /ɡoʊld/

coins made of gold

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

greennounUS /ɡriːn/

green color or pigment; resembling the color of growing grass

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

helmsnounUS /helmz/

plural of “helm” — steering mechanism for a vessel; a mechanical device by which a vessel is steered

From this reading There were to be seen serried shields, and neighing horses, and ringing arms, pennons and banners, and helms and glittering crests."

horsesnounUS /ˈhɔːrsəz/

plural of “horse” — solid-hoofed herbivorous quadruped domesticated since prehistoric times

From this reading There were to be seen serried shields, and neighing horses, and ringing arms, pennons and banners, and helms and glittering crests."

hostnounUS /hoʊst/

a person who invites guests to a social event (such as a party in his or her own home) and who is responsible for them while they are there

From this reading For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.

hostsnounUS /hoʊsts/

plural of “host” — a person who invites guests to a social event (such as a party in his or her own home) and who is responsible for them while they are there

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

jargonnounUS /ˈdʒɑːrɡən/

a characteristic language of a particular group (as among thieves)

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

knightsnounUS /naɪts/

plural of “knight” — originally a person of noble birth trained to arms and chivalry; today in Great Britain a person honored by the sovereign for personal merit

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

linenounUS /laɪn/

a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

lineagesnounUS /ˈlɪniɪdʒɪz/

plural of “lineage” — the descendants of one individual

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

men-at-arms

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

minutesnounUS /ˈmɪnəts/

a written account of what transpired at a meeting

From this reading For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.

missilesnounUS /ˈmɪsəlz/

plural of “missile” — a rocket carrying a warhead of conventional or nuclear explosives; may be ballistic or directed by remote control

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

motionnounUS /ˈmoʊʃən/

the use of movements (especially of the hands) to communicate familiar or prearranged signals

From this reading For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.

naifnoun

a naive or inexperienced person

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

narrowverbUS /ˈneroʊ/

make or become more narrow or restricted

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

neatadjectiveUS /niːt/

clean or organized

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

neighing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There were to be seen serried shields, and neighing horses, and ringing arms, pennons and banners, and helms and glittering crests."

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

offeredverbUS /ˈɔːfərd/

past form of “offer” — make available or accessible, provide or furnish

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.

oppositeadjectiveUS /ˈɑːpəzət/

being directly across from each other; facing

From this reading For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.

pageantnounUS /ˈpædʒənt/

an elaborate representation of scenes from history etc; usually involves a parade with rich costumes

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

pennons

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There were to be seen serried shields, and neighing horses, and ringing arms, pennons and banners, and helms and glittering crests."

pleasantadjectiveUS /ˈplezənt/

affording pleasure; being in harmony with your taste or likings

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

rangedverbUS /reɪndʒd/

past form of “range” — change or be different within limits

From this reading For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.

ringingnounUS /ˈrɪŋɪŋ/

the sound of a bell ringing

From this reading There were to be seen serried shields, and neighing horses, and ringing arms, pennons and banners, and helms and glittering crests."

royaladjectiveUS /ˈrɔɪəl/

of or relating to or indicative of or issued or performed by a king or queen or other monarch

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

saysnounUS /sez/

plural of “say” — the chance to speak

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading There were to be seen serried shields, and neighing horses, and ringing arms, pennons and banners, and helms and glittering crests."

serriedadjective

(especially of rows as of troops or mountains) pressed together

From this reading There were to be seen serried shields, and neighing horses, and ringing arms, pennons and banners, and helms and glittering crests."

severaladjectiveUS /ˈsevrəl/

(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many

From this reading For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.

shieldsnounUS /ʃiːldz/

plural of “shield” — a protective covering or structure

From this reading There were to be seen serried shields, and neighing horses, and ringing arms, pennons and banners, and helms and glittering crests."

shiningadjectiveUS /ˈʃaɪnɪŋ/

marked by exceptional merit

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

signalnounUS /ˈsɪɡnəl/

any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

spacenounUS /speɪs/

the unlimited expanse in which everything is located

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

splendidadjectiveUS /ˈsplendɪd/

having great beauty and splendor

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

StandingadjectiveUS /ˈstændɪŋ/

having a supporting base

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

stoodverbUS /stʊd/

Maintained an upright posture.

From this reading For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.

strengthnounUS /streŋkθ/

the property of being physically or mentally strong

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

thusadverbUS /ðʌs/

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.

tissued

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

tournamentnounUS /ˈtʊrnəmənt/

a sporting competition in which contestants play a series of games to decide the winner

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.

uniformlyadverbUS /ˈjuːnəfɔːrmli/

in a uniform manner

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

variousadjectiveUS /ˈveriəs/

of many different kinds purposefully arranged but lacking any uniformity

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

vermilionadjectiveUS /vərˈmɪljən/

of a vivid red to reddish-orange color

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

waitedverbUS /ˈweɪtɪd/

past form of “wait” — stay in one place and anticipate or expect something

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Standing thus face to face, with but a narrow space between them, the two hosts seemed as if contemplating the glittering array of the field, which, if we may believe the "_branch of royal lineages_," offered on either part as splendid a pageant as ever a royal court exhibited on fête or tournament.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The front line was composed almost entirely of cavalry, which formed in those days the great strength of an army, and uniformly decided the event of a battle; but between the long battalions of the knights and men-at-arms were ranged close bodies of cross-bowmen and archers, who waited but a signal to commence the engagement with their missiles.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading For several minutes after the two armies were thus ranged opposite each other, both stood without motion, gazing on the adverse host.

yellowadjectiveUS /ˈjeloʊ/

of the color intermediate between green and orange in the color spectrum; of something resembling the color of an egg yolk

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading "There," it says in its naif jargon, "you might see many a pleasant coat of arms, and many a neat and gentle device, tissued of gold and various shining colours, blue, vermilion, yellow, and green.

Chapter 38 of Philip Augustus by G. P. R. (George Payne Rainsford) James holds 144 sentences, grouped into 29 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 38 of Philip Augustus contain?

Chapter 38 holds 144 sentences of Philip Augustus, unabridged, divided into 29 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 38 of Philip Augustus by G. P. R. (George Payne Rainsford) James exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 144 sentences, grouped into 29 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 38 of Philip Augustus?

Work through the 29 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 29 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 38 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 38 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Philip Augustus

Common questions about reading Philip Augustus by G. P. R. (George Payne Rainsford) James on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Philip Augustus?

Yes. All 6027 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #50462 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Philip Augustus is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #50462, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Philip Augustus take to read?

About 502 minutes of reading across 1206 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Philip Augustus section by section

How to work through Philip Augustus section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Philip Augustus to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Philip Augustus

Words and structures a reader meets early in Philip Augustus, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Novels
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Philip Augustus; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Literature
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Philip Augustus; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Generally
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Philip Augustus; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Attractive
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Philip Augustus; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.