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Pioneers in Canada
Pioneers in Canada

Chapter XII · Chapter 12

Chapter 12 of Pioneers in Canada is here in full — 161 sentences across 33 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/32 · 5 lines
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Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.
The estuary of this river was reached in May, 1792, by an American sea captain of a whaling ship--ROBERT GRAY, of Boston.
He crossed the bar, and named the great stream after his own ship, the _Columbia_.
Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.
The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Pioneers in Canada

Chapter XII · Chapter 12

Chapter 12 of Pioneers in Canada is here in full — 161 sentences across 33 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/32 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.
Line 2
The estuary of this river was reached in May, 1792, by an American sea captain of a whaling ship--ROBERT GRAY, of Boston.
Line 3
He crossed the bar, and named the great stream after his own ship, the _Columbia_.
/hiː krɔːst ðə bɑːr ənd neɪmd ðə ɡreɪt striːm ˈæftər hɪz oʊn ʃɪp ðə kəˈlʌmbiə/
Line 4
Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.
Line 5
The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.
/ðə nuːz ʌv ðɪs dɪˈskʌvəri riːtʃt ˌæləɡˈzændər məˈkenzi noʊ daʊt ˈæftər hɪz rɪˈtɜːrn frʌm hɪz ˈoʊvərlænd ˈdʒɜːrni tuː ðə pəˈsɪfɪk koʊst ənd hiː æt wʌns dʒʌmpt tuː ðə kənˈkluːʒən ðæt ðə ˈpaʊərfəl striːm hiː hæd dɪˈskʌvərd ɪn ðə hɑːrt ʌv ðə ˈrɑːki ˈmaʊntənz ənd hæd ˈpɑːrʃəli ˈfɑːloʊd ɑːn ɪts weɪ tuː ðə pəˈsɪfɪk mʌst biː ðə kəˈlʌmbiə/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

estuary noun US /ˈestʃuːeri/

the wide part of a river where it nears the sea; fresh and salt water mix

From this reading “The estuary of this river was reached in May, 1792, by an American sea captain of a whaling ship--ROBERT GRAY, of Boston.”

Mackenzie noun US /məˈkenzi/

Canadian explorer (born in England) who explored the Mackenzie River and who was first to cross North America by land north of Mexico (1764-1820)

From this reading “Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.”

Oregon noun US /ˈɔːrəɡən/

a state in northwestern United States on the Pacific

From this reading “Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.”

overland adjective US /ˈoʊvərlænd/

traveling or passing over land

From this reading “The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.”

Successors noun US /səkˈsesərz/

plural of “successor” — a person who follows next in order

From this reading “Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.”

upstream adjective US /ˈʌpˈstriːm/

in the direction against a stream's current

From this reading “Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.”

Vancouver noun US /vænˈkuːvər/

English navigator remembered for his exploration of the Pacific coast of North America (1757-1798)

From this reading “Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.”

whaling verb US /ˈweɪlɪŋ/

-ing form of “whale” — hunt for whales

From this reading “The estuary of this river was reached in May, 1792, by an American sea captain of a whaling ship--ROBERT GRAY, of Boston.”

All words in this reading · 101

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1792

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The estuary of this river was reached in May, 1792, by an American sea captain of a whaling ship--ROBERT GRAY, of Boston.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading He crossed the bar, and named the great stream after his own ship, the _Columbia_.

afterwardsadverbUS /ˈæftərwərdz/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.

AlexandernounUS /ˌæləɡˈzændər/

European herb somewhat resembling celery widely naturalized in Britain coastal regions and often cultivated as a potherb

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

AmericannounUS /əˈmerəkən/

a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading The estuary of this river was reached in May, 1792, by an American sea captain of a whaling ship--ROBERT GRAY, of Boston.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading The estuary of this river was reached in May, 1792, by an American sea captain of a whaling ship--ROBERT GRAY, of Boston.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading He crossed the bar, and named the great stream after his own ship, the _Columbia_.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

awareadjectiveUS /əˈwer/

(sometimes followed by “of”) having or showing knowledge or understanding or realization or perception

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

barnounUS /bɑːr/

a room or establishment where alcoholic drinks are served over a counter

From this reading He crossed the bar, and named the great stream after his own ship, the _Columbia_.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

bigadjectiveUS /bɪɡ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

BostonnounUS /ˈbɑːstən/

state capital and largest city of Massachusetts; a major center for banking and financial services

From this reading The estuary of this river was reached in May, 1792, by an American sea captain of a whaling ship--ROBERT GRAY, of Boston.

BritainnounUS /ˈbrɪtən/

a monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles; divided into England and Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland; “Great Britain” is often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom

From this reading Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.

BROUGHTON

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The estuary of this river was reached in May, 1792, by an American sea captain of a whaling ship--ROBERT GRAY, of Boston.

CalifornianounUS /ˌkæləˈfɔːrnjə/

a state in the western United States on the Pacific; the 3rd largest state; known for earthquakes

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

captainnounUS /ˈkæptən/

an officer holding a rank below a major but above a lieutenant

From this reading The estuary of this river was reached in May, 1792, by an American sea captain of a whaling ship--ROBERT GRAY, of Boston.

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

coastnounUS /koʊst/

the shore of a sea or ocean

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

ColumbianounUS /kəˈlʌmbiə/

a North American river; rises in southwestern Canada and flows southward across Washington to form the border between Washington and Oregon before emptying into the Pacific; known for its salmon runs in the spring

From this reading He crossed the bar, and named the great stream after his own ship, the _Columbia_.

conclusionnounUS /kənˈkluːʒən/

a position or opinion or judgment reached after consideration

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

crossedadjectiveUS /krɔːst/

placed crosswise

From this reading He crossed the bar, and named the great stream after his own ship, the _Columbia_.

discoveredadjectiveUS /dɪˈskʌvərd/

discovered or determined by scientific observation

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

discoverynounUS /dɪˈskʌvəri/

the act of discovering something

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

doubtnounUS /daʊt/

the state of being unsure of something

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

eighteenthadjectiveUS /eɪˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the seventeenth in position

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

enteredverbUS /ˈentərd/

past form of “enter” — to come or go into

From this reading Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.

enteringnounUS /ˈentərɪŋ/

a movement into or inward

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

estuarynounUS /ˈestʃuːeri/

the wide part of a river where it nears the sea; fresh and salt water mix

From this reading The estuary of this river was reached in May, 1792, by an American sea captain of a whaling ship--ROBERT GRAY, of Boston.

expeditionnounUS /ˌekspəˈdɪʃən/

a military campaign designed to achieve a specific objective in a foreign country

From this reading Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.

exploredverbUS /ɪkˈsplɔːrd/

past form of “explore” — inquire into

From this reading Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.

FivenounUS /faɪv/

the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one

From this reading Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.

followedverbUS /ˈfɑːloʊd/

past form of “follow” — to travel behind, go after, come after

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.

formallyadverbUS /ˈfɔːrməli/

with official authorization

From this reading Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.

GRAYnounUS /ɡreɪ/

a neutral achromatic color midway between white and black

From this reading The estuary of this river was reached in May, 1792, by an American sea captain of a whaling ship--ROBERT GRAY, of Boston.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading He crossed the bar, and named the great stream after his own ship, the _Columbia_.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He crossed the bar, and named the great stream after his own ship, the _Columbia_.

heartnounUS /hɑːrt/

the locus of feelings and intuitions

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading He crossed the bar, and named the great stream after his own ship, the _Columbia_.

hundrednounUS /ˈhʌndrəd/

ten 10s

From this reading Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

journeyverbUS /ˈdʒɜːrni/

undertake a journey or trip

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

jumpedverbUS /dʒʌmpt/

past form of “jump” — move forward by leaps and bounds

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.

knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/

apprehended with certainty

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

LieutenantnounUS /luːˈtenənt/

a commissioned military officer

From this reading Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.

MackenzienounUS /məˈkenzi/

Canadian explorer (born in England) who explored the Mackenzie River and who was first to cross North America by land north of Mexico (1764-1820)

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

Mackenzie's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

Maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading The estuary of this river was reached in May, 1792, by an American sea captain of a whaling ship--ROBERT GRAY, of Boston.

middlenounUS /ˈmɪdəl/

an area that is approximately central within some larger region

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

milesnounUS /maɪlz/

plural of “mile” — a unit of length equal to 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet; exactly 1609.344 meters

From this reading Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.

monthsnounUS /mʌnθs/

plural of “month” — one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.

MountainsnounUS /ˈmaʊntənz/

plural of “mountain” — a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

namedverbUS /neɪmd/

past form of “name” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading He crossed the bar, and named the great stream after his own ship, the _Columbia_.

newsnounUS /nuːz/

information about recent and important events

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

northnounUS /nɔːrθ/

the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

OctobernounUS /ɑːkˈtoʊbər/

the month following September and preceding November

From this reading Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

OregonnounUS /ˈɔːrəɡən/

a state in northwestern United States on the Pacific

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

overlandadjectiveUS /ˈoʊvərlænd/

traveling or passing over land

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading He crossed the bar, and named the great stream after his own ship, the _Columbia_.

PacificnounUS /pəˈsɪfɪk/

the largest ocean in the world

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

partiallyadverbUS /ˈpɑːrʃəli/

to some extent; in some degree; not wholly

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

possessionnounUS /pəˈzeʃən/

the act of having and controlling property

From this reading Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.

powerfuladjectiveUS /ˈpaʊərfəl/

having great power or force or potency or effect

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

reachedverbUS /riːtʃt/

past form of “reach” — reach a destination, either real or abstract

From this reading The estuary of this river was reached in May, 1792, by an American sea captain of a whaling ship--ROBERT GRAY, of Boston.

returnverbUS /rɪˈtɜːrn/

go or come back to place, condition, or activity where one has been before

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

rivernounUS /ˈrɪvər/

a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

ROBERTnounUS /ˈrɑːbərt/

United States parliamentary authority and author (in 1876) of Robert's Rules of Order (1837-1923)

From this reading The estuary of this river was reached in May, 1792, by an American sea captain of a whaling ship--ROBERT GRAY, of Boston.

RockyadjectiveUS /ˈrɑːki/

abounding in rocks or stones

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

savageadjectiveUS /ˈsævədʒ/

(of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

seanounUS /siː/

a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

shipverbUS /ʃɪp/

transport commercially

From this reading The estuary of this river was reached in May, 1792, by an American sea captain of a whaling ship--ROBERT GRAY, of Boston.

SpaniardsnounUS /ˈspænjərdz/

plural of “spaniard” — a native or inhabitant of Spain

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

streamnounUS /striːm/

a natural body of running water flowing on or under the earth

From this reading He crossed the bar, and named the great stream after his own ship, the _Columbia_.

SuccessorsnounUS /səkˈsesərz/

plural of “successor” — a person who follows next in order

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The estuary of this river was reached in May, 1792, by an American sea captain of a whaling ship--ROBERT GRAY, of Boston.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

tookverbUS /tʊk/

inflected form of “take” — carry out

From this reading Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.

upstreamadjectiveUS /ˈʌpˈstriːm/

in the direction against a stream's current

From this reading Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.

VancouvernounUS /vænˈkuːvər/

English navigator remembered for his exploration of the Pacific coast of North America (1757-1798)

From this reading Five months afterwards (October, 1792) Lieutenant BROUGHTON, of the Vancouver expedition, entered the Columbia from the sea, explored it upstream for a hundred miles, and formally took possession of it for the King of Great Britain.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Mackenzie's Successors The Spaniards of California had been aware in the middle of the eighteenth century that there was a big river entering the sea to the north of the savage country known as Oregon.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading The news of this discovery reached Alexander Mackenzie (no doubt after his return from his overland journey to the Pacific coast), and he at once jumped to the conclusion that the powerful stream he had discovered in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and had partially followed on its way to the Pacific, must be the Columbia.

whalingverbUS /ˈweɪlɪŋ/

-ing form of “whale” — hunt for whales

From this reading The estuary of this river was reached in May, 1792, by an American sea captain of a whaling ship--ROBERT GRAY, of Boston.

Chapter 12 of Pioneers in Canada by Harry Johnston holds 161 sentences, grouped into 33 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 12 of Pioneers in Canada contain?

Chapter 12 holds 161 sentences of Pioneers in Canada, unabridged, divided into 33 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 12 of Pioneers in Canada by Harry Johnston exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 161 sentences, grouped into 33 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 12 of Pioneers in Canada?

Work through the 33 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 33 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 12 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 12 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Pioneers in Canada

Common questions about reading Pioneers in Canada by Harry Johnston on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Pioneers in Canada?

Yes. All 3601 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #13003 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Pioneers in Canada is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #13003, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Pioneers in Canada take to read?

About 300 minutes of reading across 721 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Pioneers in Canada section by section

How to work through Pioneers in Canada section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Pioneers in Canada

Words and structures a reader meets early in Pioneers in Canada, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

White
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Pioneers in Canada; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Man's
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Pioneers in Canada; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Discovery
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Pioneers in Canada; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
North
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Pioneers in Canada; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.