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Plato's American Republic
Plato's American Republic

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Plato's American Republic is here in full — 150 sentences across 30 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/30 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
‘Then tell me, Socrates, do you consider the Americans to be free?’
‘Why, no,’ I said, ‘they are the least free of all the peoples of the earth.
For they live under a tyrant, and one not a whit more merciful than was Procrustes.
For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.
But the tyrant who rules the Americans――or all whom he can master――is worse than Procrustes, for he seeks to fashion and control not the body, as is the way of ordinary tyrants, but the soul itself.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Plato's American Republic

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Plato's American Republic is here in full — 150 sentences across 30 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/30 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
‘Then tell me, Socrates, do you consider the Americans to be free?’
/ðen tel miː ˈsɑːkrətiːz duː juː kənˈsɪdər ðə əˈmerəkənz tuː biː friː/
Line 2
‘Why, no,’ I said, ‘they are the least free of all the peoples of the earth.
/waɪ noʊ aɪ sed ðeɪ ɑːr ðə liːst friː ʌv ɔːl ðə ˈpiːpəlz ʌv ðə ɜːrθ/
Line 3
For they live under a tyrant, and one not a whit more merciful than was Procrustes.
Line 4
For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.
Line 5
But the tyrant who rules the Americans――or all whom he can master――is worse than Procrustes, for he seeks to fashion and control not the body, as is the way of ordinary tyrants, but the soul itself.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

conform verb US /kənˈfɔːrm/

be similar, be in line with

From this reading “For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.”

lopping verb US /ˈlɑːpɪŋ/

inflected form of “lop” — cut off from a whole

From this reading “For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.”

peoples noun US /ˈpiːpəlz/

the human beings of a particular nation or community or ethnic group

From this reading “‘Why, no,’ I said, ‘they are the least free of all the peoples of the earth.”

racking adjective US /ˈrækɪŋ/

causing great physical or mental suffering

From this reading “For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.”

Socrates noun US /ˈsɑːkrətiːz/

ancient Athenian philosopher; teacher of Plato and Xenophon (470-399 BC)

From this reading “‘Then tell me, Socrates, do you consider the Americans to be free?’”

standardized adjective US /ˈstændərdaɪzd/

brought into conformity with a standard

From this reading “For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.”

tyrants noun US /ˈtaɪrənts/

plural of “tyrant” — a cruel and oppressive dictator

From this reading “But the tyrant who rules the Americans――or all whom he can master――is worse than Procrustes, for he seeks to fashion and control not the body, as is the way of ordinary tyrants, but the soul itself.”

whit noun US /wɪt/

a tiny or scarcely detectable amount

From this reading “For they live under a tyrant, and one not a whit more merciful than was Procrustes.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

too long adverb + adjective

In this reading “For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.”

too short adverb + adjective

In this reading “For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.”

live under verb + particle

In this reading “For they live under a tyrant, and one not a whit more merciful than was Procrustes.”

All words in this reading · 86

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading For they live under a tyrant, and one not a whit more merciful than was Procrustes.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading ‘Why, no,’ I said, ‘they are the least free of all the peoples of the earth.

AmericansnounUS /əˈmerəkənz/

plural of “american” — a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading ‘Then tell me, Socrates, do you consider the Americans to be free?’

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading For they live under a tyrant, and one not a whit more merciful than was Procrustes.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading ‘Why, no,’ I said, ‘they are the least free of all the peoples of the earth.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading But the tyrant who rules the Americans――or all whom he can master――is worse than Procrustes, for he seeks to fashion and control not the body, as is the way of ordinary tyrants, but the soul itself.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading ‘Then tell me, Socrates, do you consider the Americans to be free?’

becomeverbUS /bɪˈkʌm/

enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

bednounUS /bed/

a piece of furniture that provides a place to sleep

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

bodiesnounUS /ˈbɑːdiz/

plural of “body” — the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

bodynounUS /ˈbɑːdi/

the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading But the tyrant who rules the Americans――or all whom he can master――is worse than Procrustes, for he seeks to fashion and control not the body, as is the way of ordinary tyrants, but the soul itself.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading But the tyrant who rules the Americans――or all whom he can master――is worse than Procrustes, for he seeks to fashion and control not the body, as is the way of ordinary tyrants, but the soul itself.

conformverbUS /kənˈfɔːrm/

be similar, be in line with

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

considerverbUS /kənˈsɪdər/

deem to be

From this reading ‘Then tell me, Socrates, do you consider the Americans to be free?’

controlnounUS /kənˈtroʊl/

power to direct or determine

From this reading But the tyrant who rules the Americans――or all whom he can master――is worse than Procrustes, for he seeks to fashion and control not the body, as is the way of ordinary tyrants, but the soul itself.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading ‘Then tell me, Socrates, do you consider the Americans to be free?’

earthnounUS /ɜːrθ/

the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

From this reading ‘Why, no,’ I said, ‘they are the least free of all the peoples of the earth.

fashionnounUS /ˈfæʃən/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading But the tyrant who rules the Americans――or all whom he can master――is worse than Procrustes, for he seeks to fashion and control not the body, as is the way of ordinary tyrants, but the soul itself.

feetnounUS /fiːt/

plural of “foot” — the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

fittingadjectiveUS /ˈfɪtɪŋ/

in harmony with the spirit of particular persons or occasion

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For they live under a tyrant, and one not a whit more merciful than was Procrustes.

forcedadjectiveUS /fɔːrst/

produced by or subjected to forcing

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

freeverbUS /friː/

grant freedom to; free from confinement

From this reading ‘Then tell me, Socrates, do you consider the Americans to be free?’

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading ‘Why, no,’ I said, ‘they are the least free of all the peoples of the earth.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading But the tyrant who rules the Americans――or all whom he can master――is worse than Procrustes, for he seeks to fashion and control not the body, as is the way of ordinary tyrants, but the soul itself.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading But the tyrant who rules the Americans――or all whom he can master――is worse than Procrustes, for he seeks to fashion and control not the body, as is the way of ordinary tyrants, but the soul itself.

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading ‘Why, no,’ I said, ‘they are the least free of all the peoples of the earth.

limbsnounUS /lɪmz/

plural of “limb” — one of the jointed appendages of an animal used for locomotion or grasping: arm; leg; wing; flipper

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

liveverbUS /laɪv/

be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading For they live under a tyrant, and one not a whit more merciful than was Procrustes.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

loppingverbUS /ˈlɑːpɪŋ/

inflected form of “lop” — cut off from a whole

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

masternounUS /ˈmæstər/

an artist of consummate skill

From this reading But the tyrant who rules the Americans――or all whom he can master――is worse than Procrustes, for he seeks to fashion and control not the body, as is the way of ordinary tyrants, but the soul itself.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading ‘Then tell me, Socrates, do you consider the Americans to be free?’

mercifuladjectiveUS /ˈmɜːrsɪfəl/

showing or giving mercy

From this reading For they live under a tyrant, and one not a whit more merciful than was Procrustes.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading For they live under a tyrant, and one not a whit more merciful than was Procrustes.

mouldverbUS /moʊld/

form in clay, wax, etc

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading ‘Why, no,’ I said, ‘they are the least free of all the peoples of the earth.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading For they live under a tyrant, and one not a whit more merciful than was Procrustes.

obtainverbUS /əbˈteɪn/

come into possession of

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading ‘Why, no,’ I said, ‘they are the least free of all the peoples of the earth.

offadverbUS /ɔːf/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading For they live under a tyrant, and one not a whit more merciful than was Procrustes.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading But the tyrant who rules the Americans――or all whom he can master――is worse than Procrustes, for he seeks to fashion and control not the body, as is the way of ordinary tyrants, but the soul itself.

ordinarynounUS /ˈɔːrdəneri/

a judge of a probate court

From this reading But the tyrant who rules the Americans――or all whom he can master――is worse than Procrustes, for he seeks to fashion and control not the body, as is the way of ordinary tyrants, but the soul itself.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

peoplesnounUS /ˈpiːpəlz/

the human beings of a particular nation or community or ethnic group

From this reading ‘Why, no,’ I said, ‘they are the least free of all the peoples of the earth.

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

Procrustesnoun

(Greek mythology) a mythical giant who was a thief and murderer; he would capture people and tie them to an iron bed, stretching them or hacking off their legs to make them fit; was killed by Theseus

From this reading For they live under a tyrant, and one not a whit more merciful than was Procrustes.

rackingadjectiveUS /ˈrækɪŋ/

causing great physical or mental suffering

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

rulesnounUS /ruːlz/

plural of “rule” — a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior

From this reading But the tyrant who rules the Americans――or all whom he can master――is worse than Procrustes, for he seeks to fashion and control not the body, as is the way of ordinary tyrants, but the soul itself.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading ‘Why, no,’ I said, ‘they are the least free of all the peoples of the earth.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

seeksnounUS /siːks/

plural of “seek” — the movement of a read/write head to a specific data track on a disk

From this reading But the tyrant who rules the Americans――or all whom he can master――is worse than Procrustes, for he seeks to fashion and control not the body, as is the way of ordinary tyrants, but the soul itself.

shortadjectiveUS /ʃɔːrt/

primarily temporal sense; indicating or being or seeming to be limited in duration

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

SocratesnounUS /ˈsɑːkrətiːz/

ancient Athenian philosopher; teacher of Plato and Xenophon (470-399 BC)

From this reading ‘Then tell me, Socrates, do you consider the Americans to be free?’

soulnounUS /soʊl/

the immaterial part of a person; the actuating cause of an individual life

From this reading But the tyrant who rules the Americans――or all whom he can master――is worse than Procrustes, for he seeks to fashion and control not the body, as is the way of ordinary tyrants, but the soul itself.

standardizedadjectiveUS /ˈstændərdaɪzd/

brought into conformity with a standard

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

stretchingnounUS /ˈstretʃɪŋ/

act of expanding by lengthening or widening

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

tellverbUS /tel/

express in words

From this reading ‘Then tell me, Socrates, do you consider the Americans to be free?’

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading For they live under a tyrant, and one not a whit more merciful than was Procrustes.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading ‘Then tell me, Socrates, do you consider the Americans to be free?’

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

ThenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading ‘Then tell me, Socrates, do you consider the Americans to be free?’

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading ‘Why, no,’ I said, ‘they are the least free of all the peoples of the earth.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading ‘Then tell me, Socrates, do you consider the Americans to be free?’

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

tyrantnounUS /ˈtaɪrənt/

a cruel and oppressive dictator

From this reading For they live under a tyrant, and one not a whit more merciful than was Procrustes.

tyrantsnounUS /ˈtaɪrənts/

plural of “tyrant” — a cruel and oppressive dictator

From this reading But the tyrant who rules the Americans――or all whom he can master――is worse than Procrustes, for he seeks to fashion and control not the body, as is the way of ordinary tyrants, but the soul itself.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading For they live under a tyrant, and one not a whit more merciful than was Procrustes.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading For they live under a tyrant, and one not a whit more merciful than was Procrustes.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading But the tyrant who rules the Americans――or all whom he can master――is worse than Procrustes, for he seeks to fashion and control not the body, as is the way of ordinary tyrants, but the soul itself.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

whitnounUS /wɪt/

a tiny or scarcely detectable amount

From this reading For they live under a tyrant, and one not a whit more merciful than was Procrustes.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading But the tyrant who rules the Americans――or all whom he can master――is worse than Procrustes, for he seeks to fashion and control not the body, as is the way of ordinary tyrants, but the soul itself.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading For Procrustes forced all over whom he could obtain power to become standardized, fitting them to that bed of his and lopping off the feet of those that were too long, but racking and stretching the limbs of those that were too short, so that the bodies of all should conform to the same mould.

WhynounUS /waɪ/

the cause or intention underlying an action or situation, especially in the phrase “the whys and wherefores”

From this reading ‘Why, no,’ I said, ‘they are the least free of all the peoples of the earth.

worseadjectiveUS /wɜːrs/

(comparative of “bad”) inferior to another in quality or condition or desirability

From this reading But the tyrant who rules the Americans――or all whom he can master――is worse than Procrustes, for he seeks to fashion and control not the body, as is the way of ordinary tyrants, but the soul itself.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading ‘Then tell me, Socrates, do you consider the Americans to be free?’

Chapter 3 of Plato's American Republic by Douglas Woodruff holds 150 sentences, grouped into 30 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of Plato's American Republic contain?

Chapter 3 holds 150 sentences of Plato's American Republic, unabridged, divided into 30 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of Plato's American Republic by Douglas Woodruff exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 150 sentences, grouped into 30 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of Plato's American Republic?

Work through the 30 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 30 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Plato's American Republic

Common questions about reading Plato's American Republic by Douglas Woodruff on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Plato's American Republic?

Yes. All 1149 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #76595 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Plato's American Republic is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #76595, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Plato's American Republic take to read?

About 95 minutes of reading across 230 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Plato's American Republic section by section

How to work through Plato's American Republic section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 6 chapters of Plato's American Republic to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Plato's American Republic

Words and structures a reader meets early in Plato's American Republic, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Original
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Plato's American Republic; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Douglas
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Plato's American Republic; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Woodruff
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Plato's American Republic; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
First
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Plato's American Republic; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.