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Plato's American Republic
Plato's American Republic

Chapter V

Chapter 5 of Plato's American Republic is here in full — 247 sentences across 50 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/49 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’
‘Lost, indeed, Socrates,’ answered Lysis, ‘and I pity them, though it is largely their own fault.’
‘And do you not think,’ I asked, ‘that education might help them, if it were begun when they were quite young and kept up till thirty-five?’
‘It would be worth trying,’ they said, ‘but not safe to stop at thirty-five.’
‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Plato's American Republic

Chapter V

Chapter 5 of Plato's American Republic is here in full — 247 sentences across 50 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/49 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’
Line 2
‘Lost, indeed, Socrates,’ answered Lysis, ‘and I pity them, though it is largely their own fault.’
/lɔːst ˌɪnˈdiːd ˈsɑːkrətiːz ˈænsərd ˈlaɪsɪs ənd aɪ ˈpɪti ðem ðoʊ ɪt ɪz ˈlɑːrdʒli ðer oʊn fɔːlt/
Line 3
‘And do you not think,’ I asked, ‘that education might help them, if it were begun when they were quite young and kept up till thirty-five?’
/ənd duː juː nɑːt θɪŋk aɪ æskt ðæt ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃən maɪt help ðem ɪf ɪt wɜːr bɪˈɡʌn wen ðeɪ wɜːr kwaɪt jʌŋ ənd kept ʌp tɪl ˈθɜːrdifaɪv/
Line 4
‘It would be worth trying,’ they said, ‘but not safe to stop at thirty-five.’
/ɪt wʊd biː wɜːrθ ˈtraɪɪŋ ðeɪ sed bʌt nɑːt seɪf tuː stɑːp æt ˈθɜːrdifaɪv/
Line 5
‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Atlantis noun US /ætˈlæntɪs/

according to legend, an island in the Atlantic Ocean that Plato said was swallowed by an earthquake

From this reading “‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’”

evils noun US /ˈiːvəlz/

plural of “evil” — morally objectionable behavior

From this reading “‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’”

govern verb US /ˈɡʌvərn/

bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations

From this reading “‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’”

grievous adjective US /ˈɡriːvəs/

causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm

From this reading “‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’”

Lysis noun US /ˈlaɪsɪs/

recuperation in which the symptoms of an acute disease gradually subside

From this reading “‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’”

natures noun US /ˈneɪtʃərz/

plural of “nature” — the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading “‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’”

Socrates noun US /ˈsɑːkrətiːz/

ancient Athenian philosopher; teacher of Plato and Xenophon (470-399 BC)

From this reading “‘Lost, indeed, Socrates,’ answered Lysis, ‘and I pity them, though it is largely their own fault.’”

thirty-five adjective US /ˈθɜːrdifaɪv/

being five more than thirty

From this reading “‘And do you not think,’ I asked, ‘that education might help them, if it were begun when they were quite young and kept up till thirty-five?’”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

own fault verb + noun

In this reading “‘Lost, indeed, Socrates,’ answered Lysis, ‘and I pity them, though it is largely their own fault.’”

watch over verb + particle

follow with the eyes or the mind

In this reading “‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’”

stop at verb + particle

In this reading “‘It would be worth trying,’ they said, ‘but not safe to stop at thirty-five.’”

All words in this reading · 93

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

agreeverbUS /əˈɡriː/

be in accord; be in agreement

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

AmericansnounUS /əˈmerəkənz/

plural of “american” — a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

answeredverbUS /ˈænsərd/

past form of “answer” — react verbally

From this reading ‘Lost, indeed, Socrates,’ answered Lysis, ‘and I pity them, though it is largely their own fault.’

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

askedverbUS /æskt/

past form of “ask” — make a request or demand for something to somebody

From this reading ‘And do you not think,’ I asked, ‘that education might help them, if it were begun when they were quite young and kept up till thirty-five?’

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading ‘It would be worth trying,’ they said, ‘but not safe to stop at thirty-five.’

AtlantisnounUS /ætˈlæntɪs/

according to legend, an island in the Atlantic Ocean that Plato said was swallowed by an earthquake

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

begunverbUS /bɪˈɡʌn/

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading ‘And do you not think,’ I asked, ‘that education might help them, if it were begun when they were quite young and kept up till thirty-five?’

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading ‘It would be worth trying,’ they said, ‘but not safe to stop at thirty-five.’

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

chosennounUS /ˈtʃoʊzən/

one who is the object of choice; who is given preference

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

citizensnounUS /ˈsɪtəzənz/

plural of “citizen” — a native or naturalized member of a state or other political community

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

classnounUS /klæs/

a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

ContinentnounUS /ˈkɑːntənənt/

one of the large landmasses of the earth

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

continuedadjectiveUS /kənˈtɪnjuːd/

without stop or interruption

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

Doesauxiliary verbUS /dʌz/

the form of “do” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

educationnounUS /ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃən/

the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill

From this reading ‘And do you not think,’ I asked, ‘that education might help them, if it were begun when they were quite young and kept up till thirty-five?’

evilsnounUS /ˈiːvəlz/

plural of “evil” — morally objectionable behavior

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

faultnounUS /fɔːlt/

a wrong action attributable to bad judgment or ignorance or inattention

From this reading ‘Lost, indeed, Socrates,’ answered Lysis, ‘and I pity them, though it is largely their own fault.’

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

governverbUS /ˈɡʌvərn/

bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

grievousadjectiveUS /ˈɡriːvəs/

causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

guardiannounUS /ˈɡɑːrdiən/

a person who cares for persons or property

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

helpverbUS /help/

give help or assistance; be of service

From this reading ‘And do you not think,’ I asked, ‘that education might help them, if it were begun when they were quite young and kept up till thirty-five?’

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading ‘Lost, indeed, Socrates,’ answered Lysis, ‘and I pity them, though it is largely their own fault.’

idealadjectiveUS /aɪˈdiːl/

conforming to an ultimate standard of perfection or excellence; embodying an ideal

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading ‘And do you not think,’ I asked, ‘that education might help them, if it were begun when they were quite young and kept up till thirty-five?’

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

indeedadverbUS /ˌɪnˈdiːd/

in truth (often tends to intensify)

From this reading ‘Lost, indeed, Socrates,’ answered Lysis, ‘and I pity them, though it is largely their own fault.’

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading ‘Lost, indeed, Socrates,’ answered Lysis, ‘and I pity them, though it is largely their own fault.’

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

keptadjectiveUS /kept/

(especially of promises or contracts) not violated or disregarded

From this reading ‘And do you not think,’ I asked, ‘that education might help them, if it were begun when they were quite young and kept up till thirty-five?’

knowverbUS /noʊ/

be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

largelyadverbUS /ˈlɑːrdʒli/

in large part; mainly or chiefly

From this reading ‘Lost, indeed, Socrates,’ answered Lysis, ‘and I pity them, though it is largely their own fault.’

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

LostadjectiveUS /lɔːst/

no longer in your possession or control; unable to be found or recovered

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

LysisnounUS /ˈlaɪsɪs/

recuperation in which the symptoms of an acute disease gradually subside

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading ‘And do you not think,’ I asked, ‘that education might help them, if it were begun when they were quite young and kept up till thirty-five?’

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

naturesnounUS /ˈneɪtʃərz/

plural of “nature” — the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

OnounUS /oʊ/

a nonmetallic bivalent element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless nonflammable diatomic gas; constitutes 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume; the most abundant element in the earth's crust

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

ordinarynounUS /ˈɔːrdəneri/

a judge of a probate court

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading ‘Lost, indeed, Socrates,’ answered Lysis, ‘and I pity them, though it is largely their own fault.’

Phaelon

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

pitynounUS /ˈpɪti/

a feeling of sympathy and sorrow for the misfortunes of others

From this reading ‘Lost, indeed, Socrates,’ answered Lysis, ‘and I pity them, though it is largely their own fault.’

quiteadverbUS /kwaɪt/

to a degree (not used with a negative)

From this reading ‘And do you not think,’ I asked, ‘that education might help them, if it were begun when they were quite young and kept up till thirty-five?’

rememberverbUS /rɪˈmɛm.bər/

To recall to mind.

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

safeadjectiveUS /seɪf/

free from danger or the risk of harm

From this reading ‘It would be worth trying,’ they said, ‘but not safe to stop at thirty-five.’

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading ‘It would be worth trying,’ they said, ‘but not safe to stop at thirty-five.’

seemverbUS /siːm/

give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

SocratesnounUS /ˈsɑːkrətiːz/

ancient Athenian philosopher; teacher of Plato and Xenophon (470-399 BC)

From this reading ‘Lost, indeed, Socrates,’ answered Lysis, ‘and I pity them, though it is largely their own fault.’

StatenounUS /steɪt/

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

stopverbUS /stɑːp/

come to a halt, stop moving

From this reading ‘It would be worth trying,’ they said, ‘but not safe to stop at thirty-five.’

sufferverbUS /ˈsʌfər/

undergo or be subjected to

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading ‘Lost, indeed, Socrates,’ answered Lysis, ‘and I pity them, though it is largely their own fault.’

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading ‘Lost, indeed, Socrates,’ answered Lysis, ‘and I pity them, though it is largely their own fault.’

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

thinkverbUS /θɪŋk/

judge or regard; look upon; judge

From this reading ‘And do you not think,’ I asked, ‘that education might help them, if it were begun when they were quite young and kept up till thirty-five?’

thirty-fiveadjectiveUS /ˈθɜːrdifaɪv/

being five more than thirty

From this reading ‘And do you not think,’ I asked, ‘that education might help them, if it were begun when they were quite young and kept up till thirty-five?’

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading ‘Lost, indeed, Socrates,’ answered Lysis, ‘and I pity them, though it is largely their own fault.’

tillprepositionUS /tɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading ‘And do you not think,’ I asked, ‘that education might help them, if it were begun when they were quite young and kept up till thirty-five?’

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

trainedadjectiveUS /treɪnd/

shaped or conditioned or disciplined by training; often used as a combining form

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

trulyadverbUS /ˈtruːli/

in accordance with truth or fact or reality

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

tryingadjectiveUS /ˈtraɪɪŋ/

hard to endure

From this reading ‘It would be worth trying,’ they said, ‘but not safe to stop at thirty-five.’

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading ‘And do you not think,’ I asked, ‘that education might help them, if it were begun when they were quite young and kept up till thirty-five?’

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

watchverbUS /wɑːtʃ/

look attentively

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading ‘You remember,’ I continued, ‘how in our ideal State we used to agree that there must be a guardian class chosen from those of the best natures and trained up to watch over the life of the state and to govern the ordinary citizens.’

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading ‘And do you not think,’ I asked, ‘that education might help them, if it were begun when they were quite young and kept up till thirty-five?’

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading ‘And do you not think,’ I asked, ‘that education might help them, if it were begun when they were quite young and kept up till thirty-five?’

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

worthnounUS /wɜːrθ/

an indefinite quantity of something having a specified value

From this reading ‘It would be worth trying,’ they said, ‘but not safe to stop at thirty-five.’

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading ‘It would be worth trying,’ they said, ‘but not safe to stop at thirty-five.’

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading ‘Does it not seem to you, O Lysis and Phaelon, that these Americans suffer many grievous evils, and do not know where they are, and may truly be called Atlantis, the Lost Continent?’

youngadjectiveUS /jʌŋ/

(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading ‘And do you not think,’ I asked, ‘that education might help them, if it were begun when they were quite young and kept up till thirty-five?’

Chapter 5 of Plato's American Republic by Douglas Woodruff holds 247 sentences, grouped into 50 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 5 of Plato's American Republic contain?

Chapter 5 holds 247 sentences of Plato's American Republic, unabridged, divided into 50 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 5 of Plato's American Republic by Douglas Woodruff exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 247 sentences, grouped into 50 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 5 of Plato's American Republic?

Work through the 50 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 50 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 5 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 5 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Plato's American Republic

Common questions about reading Plato's American Republic by Douglas Woodruff on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Plato's American Republic?

Yes. All 1149 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #76595 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Plato's American Republic is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #76595, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Plato's American Republic take to read?

About 95 minutes of reading across 230 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Plato's American Republic section by section

How to work through Plato's American Republic section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 6 chapters of Plato's American Republic to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Plato's American Republic

Words and structures a reader meets early in Plato's American Republic, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Original
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Plato's American Republic; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Douglas
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Plato's American Republic; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Woodruff
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Plato's American Republic; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
First
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Plato's American Republic; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.