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Ponce de Leon
Ponce de Leon

Chapter XXX

Chapter 30 of Ponce de Leon is here in full — 150 sentences across 30 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.
The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.
The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.
"You think that by opening our ports to the English we shall increase the revenue sufficiently to meet all the expenditure?" said the Viceroy.
"I feel sure of it," replied Don Roderigo.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Ponce de Leon

Chapter XXX

Chapter 30 of Ponce de Leon is here in full — 150 sentences across 30 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/30 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.
Line 2
The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.
Line 3
The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.
Line 4
"You think that by opening our ports to the English we shall increase the revenue sufficiently to meet all the expenditure?" said the Viceroy.
/juː θɪŋk ðæt baɪ ˈoʊpənɪŋ ˈaʊər pɔːrts tuː ðə ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ wiː ʃæl ˌɪnˈkriːs ðə ˈrevənuː səˈfɪʃəntli tuː miːt ɔːl ðə ɪkˈspendətʃər sed ðə ˈvaɪsrɔɪ/
Line 5
"I feel sure of it," replied Don Roderigo.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

hampered verb US /ˈhæmpərd/

past form of “hamper” — prevent the progress or free movement of

From this reading “HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.”

incurred verb US /ˌɪnˈkɜːrd/

inflected form of “incur” — make oneself subject to; bring upon oneself; become liable to

From this reading “The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.”

Ponce noun US /ˈpoʊnseɪ/

a man who is effeminate in his manner and fussy in the way he dresses

From this reading “The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.”

predecessor noun US /ˈpredəsesər/

one who precedes you in time (as in holding a position or office)

From this reading “HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.”

repelling adjective US /rəˈpelɪŋ/

highly offensive; arousing aversion or disgust

From this reading “The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.”

residents noun US /ˈrezɪdənts/

plural of “resident” — someone who lives at a particular place for a prolonged period or who was born there

From this reading “The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.”

revenues noun US /ˈrevənuːz/

plural of “revenue” — the entire amount of income before any deductions are made

From this reading “The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.”

viceroy noun US /ˈvaɪsrɔɪ/

governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of his or her king or sovereign

From this reading “HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

free trade verb + noun

international trade free of government interference

In this reading “The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.”

great difficulties adjective + noun counted as “great difficulty”

In this reading “HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.”

feel sure verb + adjective

In this reading “"I feel sure of it," replied Don Roderigo.”

arose from verb + particle counted as “arise from”

In this reading “HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.”

heavy debt adjective + noun

In this reading “The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.”

in addition preposition + noun

In this reading “The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.”

first place adjective + noun

In this reading “The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.”

for a loan preposition + article + noun counted as “for … loan”

In this reading “The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.”

All words in this reading · 103

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

100,000

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

additionnounUS /əˈdɪʃən/

a component that is added to something to improve it

From this reading The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.

appliedadjectiveUS /əˈplaɪd/

concerned with concrete problems or data rather than with fundamental principles

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

aroseverbUS /ərˈoʊz/

inflected form of “arise” — come into existence; take on form or shape

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

Belgrano

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

besetverbUS /bɪˈset/

annoy continually or chronically

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

causenounUS /kɑːz/

events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

counselnounUS /ˈkaʊnsəl/

a lawyer who pleads cases in court

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

denounUS /diː/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

debtnounUS /det/

the state of owing something (especially money)

From this reading The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.

difficultiesnounUS /ˈdɪfəkəltiz/

plural of “difficulty” — an effort that is inconvenient

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

DonnounUS /dɑːn/

a Spanish gentleman or nobleman

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

doubleverbUS /ˈdʌbəl/

increase twofold

From this reading The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.

drawnadjectiveUS /drɔːn/

showing the wearing effects of overwork or care or suffering

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

emptyverbUS /ˈempti/

make void or empty of contents

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

ENEMIESnounUS /ˈenəmiz/

plural of “enemy” — an opposing military force

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.

exceededverbUS /ɪkˈsiːdəd/

past form of “exceed” — be greater in scope or size than some standard

From this reading The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.

expenditurenounUS /ɪkˈspendətʃər/

money paid out; an amount spent

From this reading The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.

feelverbUS /fiːl/

undergo an emotional sensation or be in a particular state of mind

From this reading "I feel sure of it," replied Don Roderigo.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

freeverbUS /friː/

grant freedom to; free from confinement

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

governmentnounUS /ˈɡʌvərmənt/

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

greatlyadverbUS /ˈɡreɪtli/

to an extraordinary extent or degree

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

hamperedverbUS /ˈhæmpərd/

past form of “hamper” — prevent the progress or free movement of

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

HANDSnounUS /hændz/

(with “in”) guardianship over; in divorce cases it is the right to house and care for and discipline a child

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

heavyadjectiveUS /ˈhevi/

of comparatively great physical weight or density

From this reading The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

HOW

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading "I feel sure of it," replied Don Roderigo.

INprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

increasenounUS /ˌɪnˈkriːs/

a quantity that is added

From this reading "You think that by opening our ports to the English we shall increase the revenue sufficiently to meet all the expenditure?" said the Viceroy.

incurredverbUS /ˌɪnˈkɜːrd/

inflected form of “incur” — make oneself subject to; bring upon oneself; become liable to

From this reading The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.

invasionnounUS /ˌɪnˈveɪʒən/

the act of invading; the act of an army that invades for conquest or plunder

From this reading The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading "I feel sure of it," replied Don Roderigo.

laidadjectiveUS /leɪd/

set down according to a plan

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

LeonnounUS /ˈliːɑːn/

a historical area and former kingdom in northwestern Spain

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.

loannounUS /loʊn/

the temporary provision of money (usually at interest)

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

Manuel

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

meetverbUS /miːt/

come together

From this reading "You think that by opening our ports to the English we shall increase the revenue sufficiently to meet all the expenditure?" said the Viceroy.

memorialnounUS /məˈmɔːriəl/

a recognition of meritorious service

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

monthnounUS /mʌnθ/

one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

openingnounUS /ˈoʊpənɪŋ/

an open or empty space in or between things

From this reading "You think that by opening our ports to the English we shall increase the revenue sufficiently to meet all the expenditure?" said the Viceroy.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading "You think that by opening our ports to the English we shall increase the revenue sufficiently to meet all the expenditure?" said the Viceroy.

perplexitynounUS /pərˈpleksəti/

trouble or confusion resulting from complexity

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

PLACEDadjectiveUS /pleɪst/

situated in a particular spot or position

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

PoncenounUS /ˈpoʊnseɪ/

a man who is effeminate in his manner and fussy in the way he dresses

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

portsnounUS /pɔːrts/

plural of “port” — a place (seaport or airport) where people and merchandise can enter or leave a country

From this reading "You think that by opening our ports to the English we shall increase the revenue sufficiently to meet all the expenditure?" said the Viceroy.

predecessornounUS /ˈpredəsesər/

one who precedes you in time (as in holding a position or office)

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

refusedverbUS /rəˈfjuːzd/

past form of “refuse” — show unwillingness towards

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

repellingadjectiveUS /rəˈpelɪŋ/

highly offensive; arousing aversion or disgust

From this reading The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.

repliedverbUS /rɪˈplaɪd/

inflected form of “reply” — react verbally

From this reading "I feel sure of it," replied Don Roderigo.

replynounUS /rɪˈplaɪ/

a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

requestverbUS /rɪˈkwest/

express the need or desire for

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

residentsnounUS /ˈrezɪdənts/

plural of “resident” — someone who lives at a particular place for a prolonged period or who was born there

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

revenuenounUS /ˈrevənuː/

the entire amount of income before any deductions are made

From this reading "You think that by opening our ports to the English we shall increase the revenue sufficiently to meet all the expenditure?" said the Viceroy.

revenuesnounUS /ˈrevənuːz/

plural of “revenue” — the entire amount of income before any deductions are made

From this reading The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.

Roderigo

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading "You think that by opening our ports to the English we shall increase the revenue sufficiently to meet all the expenditure?" said the Viceroy.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

secondnounUS /ˈsekənd/

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.

shallmodal verbUS /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

From this reading "You think that by opening our ports to the English we shall increase the revenue sufficiently to meet all the expenditure?" said the Viceroy.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

sourcesnounUS /ˈsɔːrsəz/

plural of “source” — the place where something begins, where it springs into being

From this reading The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.

SPAINnounUS /speɪn/

a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; a former colonial power

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

SpanishnounUS /ˈspænɪʃ/

the Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

statenounUS /steɪt/

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

sufficientlyadverbUS /səˈfɪʃəntli/

to a sufficient degree

From this reading "You think that by opening our ports to the English we shall increase the revenue sufficiently to meet all the expenditure?" said the Viceroy.

sureadjectiveUS /ʃʊr/

having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured

From this reading "I feel sure of it," replied Don Roderigo.

SWORDnounUS /sɔːrd/

a cutting or thrusting weapon that has a long metal blade and a hilt with a hand guard

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading "You think that by opening our ports to the English we shall increase the revenue sufficiently to meet all the expenditure?" said the Viceroy.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.

thinkverbUS /θɪŋk/

judge or regard; look upon; judge

From this reading "You think that by opening our ports to the English we shall increase the revenue sufficiently to meet all the expenditure?" said the Viceroy.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.

tradenounUS /treɪd/

the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

treasurynounUS /ˈtreʒəri/

the funds of a government or institution or individual

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

turnedadjectiveUS /tɜːrnd/

moved around an axis or center

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

VICEROYnounUS /ˈvaɪsrɔɪ/

governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of his or her king or sovereign

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The revenues of government from all sources little exceeded $100,000 a month, the expenditure was more than double, in addition to which there was a heavy debt incurred in repelling the second invasion of the English.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading "You think that by opening our ports to the English we shall increase the revenue sufficiently to meet all the expenditure?" said the Viceroy.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading HOW THE VICEROY PLACED A SWORD IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMIES OF SPAIN The first great difficulties which beset the new Viceroy arose from the same cause which had so greatly hampered his predecessor, the empty state of the treasury.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading The Viceroy applied, in the first place, to the Spanish residents for a loan, his request was refused; in his perplexity he turned for counsel to Don Roderigo Ponce de Leon, who in reply laid before him the memorial on free trade, which had been drawn up by Don Manuel Belgrano.

YoupronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading "You think that by opening our ports to the English we shall increase the revenue sufficiently to meet all the expenditure?" said the Viceroy.

Chapter 30 of Ponce de Leon by William Pilling holds 150 sentences, grouped into 30 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 30 of Ponce de Leon contain?

Chapter 30 holds 150 sentences of Ponce de Leon, unabridged, divided into 30 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 30 of Ponce de Leon by William Pilling exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 150 sentences, grouped into 30 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 30 of Ponce de Leon?

Work through the 30 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 30 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 30 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Is this the complete text of Ponce de Leon?

Yes. All 9076 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #40859 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #40859, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Ponce de Leon take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1816 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Ponce de Leon

Words and structures a reader meets early in Ponce de Leon, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Freedom
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Ponce de Leon; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Prologue
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Ponce de Leon; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Viceroys
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Ponce de Leon; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Tertulia
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Ponce de Leon; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.