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Poor Relations
Poor Relations

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Poor Relations is here in full — 406 sentences across 82 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/81 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
_La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.
It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.
And it has been sometimes asserted that this labor, coming on the top of many years of scarcely less hard works, was almost the last straw which broke down Balzac's gigantic strength.
Of these things it is never possible to be certain; as to the greatness of _La Cousine Bette_, there is no uncertainty.
In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Poor Relations

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Poor Relations is here in full — 406 sentences across 82 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/81 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
_La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.
Line 2
It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.
Line 3
And it has been sometimes asserted that this labor, coming on the top of many years of scarcely less hard works, was almost the last straw which broke down Balzac's gigantic strength.
Line 4
Of these things it is never possible to be certain; as to the greatness of _La Cousine Bette_, there is no uncertainty.
Line 5
In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

author's noun US /ˈɔːθərz/

possessive form of “author” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading “It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.”

Balzac noun US /bɑːlˈzæk/

French novelist; he portrays the complexity of 19th century French society (1799-1850)

From this reading “_La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.”

Bourgeois adjective US /bʊrʒˈwɑː/

(according to Marxist thought) being of the property-owning class and exploitive of the working class

Illusions noun US /ˌɪˈluːʒənz/

plural of “illusion” — an erroneous mental representation

From this reading “In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.”

indebtedness noun US /ˌɪnˈdetɪdnɪs/

an obligation to pay money to another party

From this reading “It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.”

longest adverb US /ˈlɔːŋɡəst/

for the most time

From this reading “In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.”

Pons noun US /pɑːnz/

United States coloratura soprano (born in France) (1904-1976)

uncertainty noun US /ənˈsɜːrtənti/

being unsettled or in doubt or dependent on chance

From this reading “Of these things it is never possible to be certain; as to the greatness of _La Cousine Bette_, there is no uncertainty.”

All words in this reading · 137

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1846

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

47

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

actuallyadverbUS /ˈæktʃuːəli/

in actual fact

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading And it has been sometimes asserted that this labor, coming on the top of many years of scarcely less hard works, was almost the last straw which broke down Balzac's gigantic strength.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Of these things it is never possible to be certain; as to the greatness of _La Cousine Bette_, there is no uncertainty.

asideadverbUS /əˈsaɪd/

on or to one side

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

assertedadjectiveUS /əˈsɜːrtɪd/

confidently declared to be so

From this reading And it has been sometimes asserted that this labor, coming on the top of many years of scarcely less hard works, was almost the last straw which broke down Balzac's gigantic strength.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

author'snounUS /ˈɔːθərz/

possessive form of “author” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

autumnnounUS /ˈɔːtəm/

the season when the leaves fall from the trees

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

BalzacnounUS /bɑːlˈzæk/

French novelist; he portrays the complexity of 19th century French society (1799-1850)

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

Balzac's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And it has been sometimes asserted that this labor, coming on the top of many years of scarcely less hard works, was almost the last straw which broke down Balzac's gigantic strength.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Of these things it is never possible to be certain; as to the greatness of _La Cousine Bette_, there is no uncertainty.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading And it has been sometimes asserted that this labor, coming on the top of many years of scarcely less hard works, was almost the last straw which broke down Balzac's gigantic strength.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

Bette

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

beyondprepositionUS /bɪˈɑːnd/

on the far side of; further than

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

booknounUS /bʊk/

a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together)

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

booksnounUS /bʊks/

Bound written or printed works.

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

BourgeoisadjectiveUS /bʊrʒˈwɑː/

(according to Marxist thought) being of the property-owning class and exploitive of the working class

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

brokeadjectiveUS /broʊk/

lacking funds

From this reading And it has been sometimes asserted that this labor, coming on the top of many years of scarcely less hard works, was almost the last straw which broke down Balzac's gigantic strength.

Celibataires

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

certainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

clearverbUS /klɪr/

rid of obstructions

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

comingnounUS /ˈkʌmɪŋ/

the act of drawing spatially closer to something

From this reading And it has been sometimes asserted that this labor, coming on the top of many years of scarcely less hard works, was almost the last straw which broke down Balzac's gigantic strength.

Constitutionnel

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

contraryadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːntreri/

very opposed in nature or character or purpose

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

Courtisanes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

CousinnounUS /ˈkʌzən/

the child of your aunt or uncle

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

Cousine

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

departurenounUS /dɪˈpɑːrtʃər/

the act of departing

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

desnounUS /des/

a potent estrogen used in medicine and in feed for livestock and poultry

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

differentadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

doubtfuladjectiveUS /ˈdaʊtfəl/

open to doubt or suspicion

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading And it has been sometimes asserted that this labor, coming on the top of many years of scarcely less hard works, was almost the last straw which broke down Balzac's gigantic strength.

earlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

et

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

exceptprepositionUS /ɪkˈsept/

apart from; not including

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

followsverbUS /ˈfɑːloʊz/

third-person singular of “follow” — to travel behind, go after, come after

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

giganticadjectiveUS /dʒaɪˈɡæntɪk/

so exceedingly large or extensive as to suggest a giant or mammoth

From this reading And it has been sometimes asserted that this labor, coming on the top of many years of scarcely less hard works, was almost the last straw which broke down Balzac's gigantic strength.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

greatestadjectiveUS /ˈɡreɪtəst/

highest in quality

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

greatnessnounUS /ˈɡreɪtnəs/

the property possessed by something or someone of outstanding importance or eminence

From this reading Of these things it is never possible to be certain; as to the greatness of _La Cousine Bette_, there is no uncertainty.

groupsnounUS /ɡruːps/

plural of “group” — any number of entities (members) considered as a unit

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

hardadjectiveUS /hɑːrd/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading And it has been sometimes asserted that this labor, coming on the top of many years of scarcely less hard works, was almost the last straw which broke down Balzac's gigantic strength.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading And it has been sometimes asserted that this labor, coming on the top of many years of scarcely less hard works, was almost the last straw which broke down Balzac's gigantic strength.

highestadjectiveUS /ˈhaɪəst/

superlative of “high” — greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

IllusionsnounUS /ˌɪˈluːʒənz/

plural of “illusion” — an erroneous mental representation

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

indebtednessnounUS /ˌɪnˈdetɪdnɪs/

an obligation to pay money to another party

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

LanounUS /lɑː/

a white soft metallic element that tarnishes readily; occurs in rare earth minerals and is usually classified as a rare earth

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

labornounUS /ˈleɪbər/

a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

From this reading And it has been sometimes asserted that this labor, coming on the top of many years of scarcely less hard works, was almost the last straw which broke down Balzac's gigantic strength.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

lateradverbUS /ˈleɪtər/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

LenounUS /lə/

a chronic inflammatory collagen disease affecting connective tissue (skin or joints)

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

LesnounUS /les/

plural of “le” — a chronic inflammatory collagen disease affecting connective tissue (skin or joints)

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading And it has been sometimes asserted that this labor, coming on the top of many years of scarcely less hard works, was almost the last straw which broke down Balzac's gigantic strength.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

longestadverbUS /ˈlɔːŋɡəst/

for the most time

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading And it has been sometimes asserted that this labor, coming on the top of many years of scarcely less hard works, was almost the last straw which broke down Balzac's gigantic strength.

Miseres

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

moneynounUS /ˈmʌni/

the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading Of these things it is never possible to be certain; as to the greatness of _La Cousine Bette_, there is no uncertainty.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Of these things it is never possible to be certain; as to the greatness of _La Cousine Bette_, there is no uncertainty.

novelsnounUS /ˈnɑːvəlz/

plural of “novel” — an extended fictional work in prose; usually in the form of a story

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

objectnounUS /ˈɑːbdʒekt/

a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

offadverbUS /ɔːf/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading And it has been sometimes asserted that this labor, coming on the top of many years of scarcely less hard works, was almost the last straw which broke down Balzac's gigantic strength.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

partsnounUS /pɑːrts/

the local environment

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

Perdues

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

perhapsadverbUS /pərˈhæps/

by chance

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

Petits

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

PonsnounUS /pɑːnz/

United States coloratura soprano (born in France) (1904-1976)

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

possibleadjectiveUS /ˈpɑːsəbəl/

capable of happening or existing

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

pressurenounUS /ˈpreʃər/

the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit)

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

proofnounUS /pruːf/

any factual evidence that helps to establish the truth of something

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

puttingnounUS /ˈpʌtɪŋ/

hitting a golf ball that is on the green using a putter

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

questionverbUS /ˈkwestʃən/

challenge the accuracy, probity, or propriety of

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

ratheradverbUS /ˈræðər/

on the contrary

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

readyadjectiveUS /ˈredi/

completely prepared or in condition for immediate action or use or progress

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

reallyadverbUS /ˈrɪli/

in accordance with truth or fact or reality

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

scarcelyadverbUS /ˈskersli/

only a very short time before

From this reading And it has been sometimes asserted that this labor, coming on the top of many years of scarcely less hard works, was almost the last straw which broke down Balzac's gigantic strength.

secureverbUS /sɪˈkjʊr/

get by special effort

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

seeingnounUS /ˈsiːɪŋ/

perception by means of the eyes

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

sometimesadverbUS /səmˈtaɪmz/

on certain occasions or in certain cases but not always

From this reading And it has been sometimes asserted that this labor, coming on the top of many years of scarcely less hard works, was almost the last straw which broke down Balzac's gigantic strength.

Splendeurs

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

springnounUS /sprɪŋ/

the season of growth

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

strawnounUS /strɔː/

plant fiber used e.g. for making baskets and hats or as fodder

From this reading And it has been sometimes asserted that this labor, coming on the top of many years of scarcely less hard works, was almost the last straw which broke down Balzac's gigantic strength.

strengthnounUS /streŋkθ/

the property of being physically or mentally strong

From this reading And it has been sometimes asserted that this labor, coming on the top of many years of scarcely less hard works, was almost the last straw which broke down Balzac's gigantic strength.

sumnounUS /sʌm/

a quantity of money

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

systemnounUS /ˈsɪstəm/

instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading Of these things it is never possible to be certain; as to the greatness of _La Cousine Bette_, there is no uncertainty.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Of these things it is never possible to be certain; as to the greatness of _La Cousine Bette_, there is no uncertainty.

thingnounUS /θɪŋ/

a special situation

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading Of these things it is never possible to be certain; as to the greatness of _La Cousine Bette_, there is no uncertainty.

thinkverbUS /θɪŋk/

judge or regard; look upon; judge

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading And it has been sometimes asserted that this labor, coming on the top of many years of scarcely less hard works, was almost the last straw which broke down Balzac's gigantic strength.

timesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

topnounUS /tɑːp/

the upper part of anything

From this reading And it has been sometimes asserted that this labor, coming on the top of many years of scarcely less hard works, was almost the last straw which broke down Balzac's gigantic strength.

uncertaintynounUS /ənˈsɜːrtənti/

being unsettled or in doubt or dependent on chance

From this reading Of these things it is never possible to be certain; as to the greatness of _La Cousine Bette_, there is no uncertainty.

usualadjectiveUS /ˈjuːʒəwəl/

occurring or encountered or experienced or observed frequently or in accordance with regular practice or procedure

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

Vierzschovnia

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

winternounUS /ˈwɪntər/

the coldest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading It was written at the highest possible pressure, and (contrary to the author's more usual system) in parts, without even seeing a proof, for the _Constitutionnel_ in the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1846-47, before his departure from Vierzschovnia, the object being to secure a certain sum of ready money to clear off indebtedness.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading In the first place, it is a very long book for Balzac; it is, I think, putting aside books like _Les Illusions Perdues_, and _Les Celibataires_, and _Splendeurs et Miseres des Courtisanes_, which are really groups of work written at different times, the longest of all his novels, if we except the still later and rather doubtful _Petits Bourgeois_.

worksnounUS /wɜːrks/

buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

writtenadjectiveUS /ˈrɪtən/

set down in writing in any of various ways

From this reading _La Cousine Bette_ was perhaps the last really great thing that Balzac did--for _Le Cousin Pons_, which now follows it, was actually written before--and it is beyond all question one of the very greatest of his works.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading And it has been sometimes asserted that this labor, coming on the top of many years of scarcely less hard works, was almost the last straw which broke down Balzac's gigantic strength.

Chapter 1 of Poor Relations by Honoré de Balzac holds 406 sentences, grouped into 82 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Poor Relations contain?

Chapter 1 holds 406 sentences of Poor Relations, unabridged, divided into 82 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Poor Relations by Honoré de Balzac exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 406 sentences, grouped into 82 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Poor Relations?

Work through the 82 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 82 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Poor Relations

Common questions about reading Poor Relations by Honoré de Balzac on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Poor Relations?

Yes. All 13729 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #12900 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Poor Relations is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #12900, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Poor Relations take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 2746 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through Poor Relations section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 34 chapters of Poor Relations to begin.

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    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Poor Relations

Words and structures a reader meets early in Poor Relations, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Cousine
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Poor Relations; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Bette
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Poor Relations; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Perhaps
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Poor Relations; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Really
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Poor Relations; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.