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Poor Relations
Poor Relations

Chapter XXVII · Chapter 27

Chapter 27 of Poor Relations is here in full — 408 sentences across 82 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/81 · 5 lines
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Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.
The "lawyer" and the bailiff's men (commonly called "the brokers") are the two lowest rungs of the ladder.
Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.
But the word "lawyer" (homme de loi) is a depreciatory term applied to the legal profession.
Consuming professional jealousy finds similar disparaging epithets for fellow-travelers in every walk of life, and every calling has its special insult.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Poor Relations

Chapter XXVII · Chapter 27

Chapter 27 of Poor Relations is here in full — 408 sentences across 82 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/81 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.
Line 2
The "lawyer" and the bailiff's men (commonly called "the brokers") are the two lowest rungs of the ladder.
Line 3
Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.
Line 4
But the word "lawyer" (homme de loi) is a depreciatory term applied to the legal profession.
Line 5
Consuming professional jealousy finds similar disparaging epithets for fellow-travelers in every walk of life, and every calling has its special insult.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

attorneys noun US /əˈtɜːrniz/

plural of “attorney” — a professional person authorized to practice law; conducts lawsuits or gives legal advice

From this reading “Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.”

bailiffs noun US /ˈbeɪləfs/

plural of “bailiff” — an officer of the court who is employed to execute writs and processes and make arrests etc.

From this reading “Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.”

barristers noun US /ˈbærɪstərz/

plural of “barrister” — a British or Canadian lawyer who speaks in the higher courts of law on behalf of either the defense or prosecution

From this reading “Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.”

brokers noun US /ˈbroʊkərz/

plural of “broker” — a businessman who buys or sells for another in exchange for a commission

From this reading “The "lawyer" and the bailiff's men (commonly called "the brokers") are the two lowest rungs of the ladder.”

disparaging adjective US /dɪˈsperɪdʒɪŋ/

expressive of low opinion

From this reading “Consuming professional jealousy finds similar disparaging epithets for fellow-travelers in every walk of life, and every calling has its special insult.”

misrepresent verb US /mɪsˌreprəˈzent/

represent falsely

From this reading “Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.”

rungs noun US /rʌŋz/

plural of “rung” — a crosspiece between the legs of a chair

From this reading “The "lawyer" and the bailiff's men (commonly called "the brokers") are the two lowest rungs of the ladder.”

solicitors noun US /səˈlɪsətərz/

plural of “solicitor” — a petitioner who solicits contributions or trade or votes

From this reading “Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.”

All words in this reading · 84

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.

adventitiousadjective

associated by chance and not an integral part

From this reading Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.

agentsnounUS /ˈeɪdʒənts/

plural of “agent” — an active and efficient cause; capable of producing a certain effect

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

appearingnounUS /əˈpɪrɪŋ/

formal attendance (in court or at a hearing) of a party in an action

From this reading Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.

appliedadjectiveUS /əˈplaɪd/

concerned with concrete problems or data rather than with fundamental principles

From this reading But the word "lawyer" (homme de loi) is a depreciatory term applied to the legal profession.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The "lawyer" and the bailiff's men (commonly called "the brokers") are the two lowest rungs of the ladder.

attorneysnounUS /əˈtɜːrniz/

plural of “attorney” — a professional person authorized to practice law; conducts lawsuits or gives legal advice

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

bailiff's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The "lawyer" and the bailiff's men (commonly called "the brokers") are the two lowest rungs of the ladder.

bailiffsnounUS /ˈbeɪləfs/

plural of “bailiff” — an officer of the court who is employed to execute writs and processes and make arrests etc.

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

barristersnounUS /ˈbærɪstərz/

plural of “barrister” — a British or Canadian lawyer who speaks in the higher courts of law on behalf of either the defense or prosecution

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

brokersnounUS /ˈbroʊkərz/

plural of “broker” — a businessman who buys or sells for another in exchange for a commission

From this reading The "lawyer" and the bailiff's men (commonly called "the brokers") are the two lowest rungs of the ladder.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But the word "lawyer" (homme de loi) is a depreciatory term applied to the legal profession.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading The "lawyer" and the bailiff's men (commonly called "the brokers") are the two lowest rungs of the ladder.

callingnounUS /ˈkɔːlɪŋ/

the particular occupation for which you are trained

From this reading Consuming professional jealousy finds similar disparaging epithets for fellow-travelers in every walk of life, and every calling has its special insult.

clerksnounUS /klɜːrks/

plural of “clerk” — an employee who performs clerical work (e.g., keeps records or accounts)

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

commonlyadverbUS /ˈkɑːmənli/

under normal conditions

From this reading The "lawyer" and the bailiff's men (commonly called "the brokers") are the two lowest rungs of the ladder.

ConsumingadjectiveUS /kənˈsuːmɪŋ/

very strong; urgently felt

From this reading Consuming professional jealousy finds similar disparaging epithets for fellow-travelers in every walk of life, and every calling has its special insult.

councillors

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

countynounUS /ˈkaʊnti/

(United Kingdom) a region created by territorial division for the purpose of local government

From this reading Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.

courtnounUS /kɔːrt/

an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

crownnounUS /kraʊn/

the Crown (or the reigning monarch) as the symbol of the power and authority of a monarchy

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

denounUS /diː/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading But the word "lawyer" (homme de loi) is a depreciatory term applied to the legal profession.

depreciatoryadjective

tending to decrease or cause a decrease in value

From this reading But the word "lawyer" (homme de loi) is a depreciatory term applied to the legal profession.

disparagingadjectiveUS /dɪˈsperɪdʒɪŋ/

expressive of low opinion

From this reading Consuming professional jealousy finds similar disparaging epithets for fellow-travelers in every walk of life, and every calling has its special insult.

employedadjectiveUS /emˈplɔɪd/

having your services engaged for; or having a job especially one that pays wages or a salary

From this reading Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.

epithetsnounUS /ˈepəθets/

plural of “epithet” — a defamatory or abusive word or phrase

From this reading Consuming professional jealousy finds similar disparaging epithets for fellow-travelers in every walk of life, and every calling has its special insult.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Consuming professional jealousy finds similar disparaging epithets for fellow-travelers in every walk of life, and every calling has its special insult.

executedadjectiveUS /ˈeksəkjuːtɪd/

put to death as punishment

From this reading Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.

executionernounUS /ˌeksəˈkjuːʃənər/

an official who inflicts capital punishment in pursuit of a warrant

From this reading Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.

factnounUS /fækt/

a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.

fellow-travelers

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Consuming professional jealousy finds similar disparaging epithets for fellow-travelers in every walk of life, and every calling has its special insult.

findsnounUS /faɪndz/

plural of “find” — a productive insight

From this reading Consuming professional jealousy finds similar disparaging epithets for fellow-travelers in every walk of life, and every calling has its special insult.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Consuming professional jealousy finds similar disparaging epithets for fellow-travelers in every walk of life, and every calling has its special insult.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.

homme

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But the word "lawyer" (homme de loi) is a depreciatory term applied to the legal profession.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.

inferioradjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈfɪriər/

of or characteristic of low rank or importance

From this reading Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.

insultnounUS /ˌɪnˈsʌlt/

a rude expression intended to offend or hurt

From this reading Consuming professional jealousy finds similar disparaging epithets for fellow-travelers in every walk of life, and every calling has its special insult.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Consuming professional jealousy finds similar disparaging epithets for fellow-travelers in every walk of life, and every calling has its special insult.

jealousynounUS /ˈdʒeləsi/

a feeling of jealous envy (especially of a rival)

From this reading Consuming professional jealousy finds similar disparaging epithets for fellow-travelers in every walk of life, and every calling has its special insult.

judgesnounUS /ˈdʒʌdʒɪz/

a book of the Old Testament that tells the history of Israel under the leaders known as judges

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

judgmentnounUS /ˈdʒʌdʒmənt/

an opinion formed by judging something

From this reading Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.

jurisconsults

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

JusticenounUS /ˈdʒʌstəs/

the quality of being just or fair

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

kindadjectiveUS /kaɪnd/

having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.

kindsnounUS /kaɪndz/

plural of “kind” — a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

laddernounUS /ˈlædər/

steps consisting of two parallel members connected by rungs; for climbing up or down

From this reading The "lawyer" and the bailiff's men (commonly called "the brokers") are the two lowest rungs of the ladder.

lawyernounUS /ˈlɔːjər/

a professional person authorized to practice law; conducts lawsuits or gives legal advice

From this reading The "lawyer" and the bailiff's men (commonly called "the brokers") are the two lowest rungs of the ladder.

legaladjectiveUS /ˈliːɡəl/

established by or founded upon law or official or accepted rules

From this reading But the word "lawyer" (homme de loi) is a depreciatory term applied to the legal profession.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading Consuming professional jealousy finds similar disparaging epithets for fellow-travelers in every walk of life, and every calling has its special insult.

loi

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But the word "lawyer" (homme de loi) is a depreciatory term applied to the legal profession.

lowestadjectiveUS /ˈloʊəst/

lowest in rank or importance

From this reading The "lawyer" and the bailiff's men (commonly called "the brokers") are the two lowest rungs of the ladder.

MagistratesnounUS /ˈmædʒɪstreɪts/

plural of “magistrate” — a lay judge or civil authority who administers the law (especially one who conducts a court dealing with minor offenses)

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading The "lawyer" and the bailiff's men (commonly called "the brokers") are the two lowest rungs of the ladder.

ministernounUS /ˈmɪnəstər/

a person authorized to conduct religious worship

From this reading Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.

misrepresentverbUS /mɪsˌreprəˈzent/

represent falsely

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

NowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

officersnounUS /ˈɔːfəsərz/

plural of “officer” — any person in the armed services who holds a position of authority or command

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

outsidernounUS /ˌaʊtˈsaɪ.dər/

A person who does not belong to a particular group or community; a stranger.

From this reading Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.

procurators

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

professionnounUS /prəˈfeʃən/

the body of people in a learned occupation

From this reading But the word "lawyer" (homme de loi) is a depreciatory term applied to the legal profession.

professionaladjectiveUS /prəˈfeʃənəl/

engaged in a profession or engaging in as a profession or means of livelihood

From this reading Consuming professional jealousy finds similar disparaging epithets for fellow-travelers in every walk of life, and every calling has its special insult.

representverbUS /ˌreprɪˈzent/

take the place of or be parallel or equivalent to

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

rungsnounUS /rʌŋz/

plural of “rung” — a crosspiece between the legs of a chair

From this reading The "lawyer" and the bailiff's men (commonly called "the brokers") are the two lowest rungs of the ladder.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.

similaradjectiveUS /ˈsɪmələr/

marked by correspondence or resemblance

From this reading Consuming professional jealousy finds similar disparaging epithets for fellow-travelers in every walk of life, and every calling has its special insult.

solicitorsnounUS /səˈlɪsətərz/

plural of “solicitor” — a petitioner who solicits contributions or trade or votes

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

specialadjectiveUS /ˈspeʃəl/

unique or specific to a person or thing or category

From this reading Consuming professional jealousy finds similar disparaging epithets for fellow-travelers in every walk of life, and every calling has its special insult.

termnounUS /tɜːrm/

a word or expression used for some particular thing

From this reading But the word "lawyer" (homme de loi) is a depreciatory term applied to the legal profession.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Now, the bailiff's man is an outsider, an adventitious minister of justice, appearing to see that judgment is executed; he is, in fact, a kind of inferior executioner employed by the county court.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading The "lawyer" and the bailiff's men (commonly called "the brokers") are the two lowest rungs of the ladder.

variousadjectiveUS /ˈveriəs/

of many different kinds purposefully arranged but lacking any uniformity

From this reading Magistrates, councillors, jurisconsults, judges, barristers, officers for the crown, bailiffs, attorneys, clerks of the court, procurators, solicitors, and agents of various kinds, represent or misrepresent Justice.

walknounUS /wɔːk/

the act of traveling by foot

From this reading Consuming professional jealousy finds similar disparaging epithets for fellow-travelers in every walk of life, and every calling has its special insult.

wordnounUS /wɜːrd/

a unit of language that native speakers can identify

From this reading But the word "lawyer" (homme de loi) is a depreciatory term applied to the legal profession.

Chapter 27 of Poor Relations by Honoré de Balzac holds 408 sentences, grouped into 82 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 27 of Poor Relations contain?

Chapter 27 holds 408 sentences of Poor Relations, unabridged, divided into 82 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 27 of Poor Relations by Honoré de Balzac exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 408 sentences, grouped into 82 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 27 of Poor Relations?

Work through the 82 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 82 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 27 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 27 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Poor Relations

Common questions about reading Poor Relations by Honoré de Balzac on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Poor Relations?

Yes. All 13729 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #12900 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Poor Relations is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #12900, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Poor Relations take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 2746 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Poor Relations section by section

How to work through Poor Relations section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 34 chapters of Poor Relations to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Poor Relations

Words and structures a reader meets early in Poor Relations, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Cousine
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Poor Relations; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Bette
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Poor Relations; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Perhaps
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Poor Relations; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Really
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Poor Relations; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.