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Poor Relations
Poor Relations

Chapter XXVIII · Chapter 28

Chapter 28 of Poor Relations is here in full — 410 sentences across 82 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/82 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
"This is like La Fontaine's fable," smiled the ex-cabinet minister.
Gaudissart found investments for his capital in other ventures.
He thought well of Schwab, Brunner, and the Graffs; that firm was promoting railways, he became a shareholder in the lines.
His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.
A self-made man, he did not take himself seriously.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Poor Relations

Chapter XXVIII · Chapter 28

Chapter 28 of Poor Relations is here in full — 410 sentences across 82 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/82 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
"This is like La Fontaine's fable," smiled the ex-cabinet minister.
Line 2
Gaudissart found investments for his capital in other ventures.
Line 3
He thought well of Schwab, Brunner, and the Graffs; that firm was promoting railways, he became a shareholder in the lines.
Line 4
His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.
/hɪz ˈʃruːdnəs wɑːz ˈkerfəli ˈhɪdən bɪˈniːθ ðə fræŋk ˈkerləsnəs ʌv ə mæn ʌv ˈpleʒər hiː siːmd tuː biː ˈɪntrəstɪd ɪn ˈnʌθɪŋ bʌt əˈmjuːzmənts ənd dres jet hiː θɔːt ˈevriθɪŋ ˈoʊvər ənd hɪz waɪd ɪkˈspɪriəns ʌv ˈbɪznəs ɡeɪnd æz ə kəˈmɜːrʃəl ˈtrævələr stʊd hɪm ɪn ɡʊd sted/
Line 5
A self-made man, he did not take himself seriously.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

fable noun US /ˈfeɪbəl/

a deliberately false or improbable account

From this reading “"This is like La Fontaine's fable," smiled the ex-cabinet minister.”

investments noun US /ˌɪnˈvestmənts/

plural of “investment” — the act of investing; laying out money or capital in an enterprise with the expectation of profit

From this reading “Gaudissart found investments for his capital in other ventures.”

promoting verb US /prəˈmoʊtɪŋ/

-ing form of “promote” — contribute to the progress or growth of

From this reading “He thought well of Schwab, Brunner, and the Graffs; that firm was promoting railways, he became a shareholder in the lines.”

railways noun US /ˈreɪlweɪz/

plural of “railway” — line that is the commercial organization responsible for operating a system of transportation for trains that pull passengers or freight

From this reading “He thought well of Schwab, Brunner, and the Graffs; that firm was promoting railways, he became a shareholder in the lines.”

shareholder noun US /ˈʃerhoʊldər/

someone who holds shares of stock in a corporation

From this reading “He thought well of Schwab, Brunner, and the Graffs; that firm was promoting railways, he became a shareholder in the lines.”

shrewdness noun US /ˈʃruːdnəs/

intelligence manifested by being astute (as in business dealings)

From this reading “His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.”

traveler noun US /ˈtrævələr/

a person who changes location

From this reading “His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.”

ventures noun US /ˈventʃərz/

plural of “venture” — any venturesome undertaking especially one with an uncertain outcome

From this reading “Gaudissart found investments for his capital in other ventures.”

All words in this reading · 72

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading He thought well of Schwab, Brunner, and the Graffs; that firm was promoting railways, he became a shareholder in the lines.

amusementsnounUS /əˈmjuːzmənts/

plural of “amusement” — a feeling of delight at being entertained

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading He thought well of Schwab, Brunner, and the Graffs; that firm was promoting railways, he became a shareholder in the lines.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

becameverbUS /bɪˈkeɪm/

inflected form of “become” — enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading He thought well of Schwab, Brunner, and the Graffs; that firm was promoting railways, he became a shareholder in the lines.

beneathprepositionUS /bɪˈniːθ/

Directly under; in or to a lower position than.

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

Brunner

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He thought well of Schwab, Brunner, and the Graffs; that firm was promoting railways, he became a shareholder in the lines.

businessnounUS /ˈbɪznəs/

a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

capitalnounUS /ˈkæpətəl/

assets available for use in the production of further assets

From this reading Gaudissart found investments for his capital in other ventures.

carefullyadverbUS /ˈkerfəli/

taking care or paying attention

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

carelessnessnounUS /ˈkerləsnəs/

the quality of not being careful or taking pains

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

commercialadjectiveUS /kəˈmɜːrʃəl/

connected with or engaged in or sponsored by or used in commerce or commercial enterprises

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading A self-made man, he did not take himself seriously.

dressverbUS /dres/

put on clothes

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

everythingpronounUS /ˈevriθɪŋ/

all things; all of a situation

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

ex-cabinet

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "This is like La Fontaine's fable," smiled the ex-cabinet minister.

experienceverbUS /ɪkˈspɪriəns/

undergo or live through a difficult experience

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

fablenounUS /ˈfeɪbəl/

a deliberately false or improbable account

From this reading "This is like La Fontaine's fable," smiled the ex-cabinet minister.

firmadjectiveUS /fɜːrm/

marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable

From this reading He thought well of Schwab, Brunner, and the Graffs; that firm was promoting railways, he became a shareholder in the lines.

Fontaine's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "This is like La Fontaine's fable," smiled the ex-cabinet minister.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Gaudissart found investments for his capital in other ventures.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading Gaudissart found investments for his capital in other ventures.

frankadjectiveUS /fræŋk/

characterized by directness in manner or speech; without subtlety or evasion

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

gainedverbUS /ɡeɪnd/

past form of “gain” — obtain

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

Gaudissart

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Gaudissart found investments for his capital in other ventures.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

Graffs

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He thought well of Schwab, Brunner, and the Graffs; that firm was promoting railways, he became a shareholder in the lines.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He thought well of Schwab, Brunner, and the Graffs; that firm was promoting railways, he became a shareholder in the lines.

hiddenadjectiveUS /ˈhɪdən/

not accessible to view

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading A self-made man, he did not take himself seriously.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Gaudissart found investments for his capital in other ventures.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Gaudissart found investments for his capital in other ventures.

interestedadjectiveUS /ˈɪntrəstɪd/

having or showing interest; especially curiosity or fascination or concern

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

investmentsnounUS /ˌɪnˈvestmənts/

plural of “investment” — the act of investing; laying out money or capital in an enterprise with the expectation of profit

From this reading Gaudissart found investments for his capital in other ventures.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading "This is like La Fontaine's fable," smiled the ex-cabinet minister.

LanounUS /lɑː/

a white soft metallic element that tarnishes readily; occurs in rare earth minerals and is usually classified as a rare earth

From this reading "This is like La Fontaine's fable," smiled the ex-cabinet minister.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading "This is like La Fontaine's fable," smiled the ex-cabinet minister.

linesnounUS /laɪnz/

plural of “line” — a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading He thought well of Schwab, Brunner, and the Graffs; that firm was promoting railways, he became a shareholder in the lines.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

ministernounUS /ˈmɪnəstər/

a person authorized to conduct religious worship

From this reading "This is like La Fontaine's fable," smiled the ex-cabinet minister.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading A self-made man, he did not take himself seriously.

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading He thought well of Schwab, Brunner, and the Graffs; that firm was promoting railways, he became a shareholder in the lines.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Gaudissart found investments for his capital in other ventures.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

pleasurenounUS /ˈpleʒər/

a fundamental feeling that is hard to define but that people desire to experience

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

promotingverbUS /prəˈmoʊtɪŋ/

-ing form of “promote” — contribute to the progress or growth of

From this reading He thought well of Schwab, Brunner, and the Graffs; that firm was promoting railways, he became a shareholder in the lines.

railwaysnounUS /ˈreɪlweɪz/

plural of “railway” — line that is the commercial organization responsible for operating a system of transportation for trains that pull passengers or freight

From this reading He thought well of Schwab, Brunner, and the Graffs; that firm was promoting railways, he became a shareholder in the lines.

Schwab

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He thought well of Schwab, Brunner, and the Graffs; that firm was promoting railways, he became a shareholder in the lines.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

self-madeadjective

having achieved success or recognition by your own efforts

From this reading A self-made man, he did not take himself seriously.

seriouslyadverbUS /ˈsɪriəsli/

in a serious manner

From this reading A self-made man, he did not take himself seriously.

shareholdernounUS /ˈʃerhoʊldər/

someone who holds shares of stock in a corporation

From this reading He thought well of Schwab, Brunner, and the Graffs; that firm was promoting railways, he became a shareholder in the lines.

shrewdnessnounUS /ˈʃruːdnəs/

intelligence manifested by being astute (as in business dealings)

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

smiledverbUS /smaɪld/

past form of “smile” — change one's facial expression by spreading the lips, often to signal pleasure

From this reading "This is like La Fontaine's fable," smiled the ex-cabinet minister.

steadnounUS /sted/

the post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

stoodverbUS /stʊd/

Maintained an upright posture.

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading A self-made man, he did not take himself seriously.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading He thought well of Schwab, Brunner, and the Graffs; that firm was promoting railways, he became a shareholder in the lines.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading "This is like La Fontaine's fable," smiled the ex-cabinet minister.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading "This is like La Fontaine's fable," smiled the ex-cabinet minister.

thoughtnounUS /θɔːt/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading He thought well of Schwab, Brunner, and the Graffs; that firm was promoting railways, he became a shareholder in the lines.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

travelernounUS /ˈtrævələr/

a person who changes location

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

venturesnounUS /ˈventʃərz/

plural of “venture” — any venturesome undertaking especially one with an uncertain outcome

From this reading Gaudissart found investments for his capital in other ventures.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading He thought well of Schwab, Brunner, and the Graffs; that firm was promoting railways, he became a shareholder in the lines.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading He thought well of Schwab, Brunner, and the Graffs; that firm was promoting railways, he became a shareholder in the lines.

wideadjectiveUS /waɪd/

having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading His shrewdness was carefully hidden beneath the frank carelessness of a man of pleasure; he seemed to be interested in nothing but amusements and dress, yet he thought everything over, and his wide experience of business gained as a commercial traveler stood him in good stead.

Chapter 28 of Poor Relations by Honoré de Balzac holds 410 sentences, grouped into 82 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 28 of Poor Relations contain?

Chapter 28 holds 410 sentences of Poor Relations, unabridged, divided into 82 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 28 of Poor Relations by Honoré de Balzac exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 410 sentences, grouped into 82 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 28 of Poor Relations?

Work through the 82 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 82 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 28 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 28 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Poor Relations

Common questions about reading Poor Relations by Honoré de Balzac on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Poor Relations?

Yes. All 13729 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #12900 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Poor Relations is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #12900, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Poor Relations take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 2746 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Poor Relations section by section

How to work through Poor Relations section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  3. Listen and tap

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Vocabulary met early in Poor Relations

Words and structures a reader meets early in Poor Relations, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Cousine
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Poor Relations; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Bette
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Poor Relations; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Perhaps
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Poor Relations; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Really
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Poor Relations; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.