Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
Poor Relations
Poor Relations

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of Poor Relations is here in full — 421 sentences across 85 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Poor Relations
Context Illustration Reading 1/84 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
"Who is your gentleman, child?"
"M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.
That made me say just now that this age of ours is something sickening."
"What did he die of?"
"Of his wife.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Poor Relations

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of Poor Relations is here in full — 421 sentences across 85 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/84 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
"Who is your gentleman, child?"
/huː ɪz jɔːr ˈdʒentəlmən tʃaɪld/
Line 2
"M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.
Line 3
That made me say just now that this age of ours is something sickening."
/ðæt meɪd miː seɪ dʒʌst naʊ ðæt ðɪs eɪdʒ ʌv ˈaʊərz ɪz ˈsʌmθɪŋ ˈsɪkənɪŋ/
Line 4
"What did he die of?"
/wʌt dɪd hiː daɪ ʌv/
Line 5
"Of his wife.
/ʌv hɪz waɪf/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

die verb US /daɪ/

pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life

From this reading “"What did he die of?"”

died verb US /daɪd/

past form of “die” — pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life

From this reading “"M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.”

financed verb US /fɪˈnænst/

past form of “finance” — obtain or provide money for

From this reading “"M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.”

mayor noun US /ˈmeɪər/

the head of a city government

From this reading “"M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.”

ours pronoun US /ˈaʊərz/

the one or ones belonging to us

From this reading “That made me say just now that this age of ours is something sickening."”

pot noun US /pɑːt/

metal or earthenware cooking vessel that is usually round and deep; often has a handle and lid

From this reading “"M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.”

sickening adjective US /ˈsɪkənɪŋ/

causing or able to cause nausea

From this reading “That made me say just now that this age of ours is something sickening."”

stupid adjective US /ˈstuːpəd/

lacking or marked by lack of intellectual acuity

From this reading “"M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.”

All words in this reading · 51

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

agenounUS /eɪdʒ/

how long something has existed

From this reading That made me say just now that this age of ours is something sickening."

agoadverbUS /əˈɡoʊ/

in the past

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

arrondissement

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

Baudoyer

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

childnounUS /tʃaɪld/

a young person of either sex

From this reading "Who is your gentleman, child?"

Crevel

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading "What did he die of?"

dieverbUS /daɪ/

pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life

From this reading "What did he die of?"

diedverbUS /daɪd/

past form of “die” — pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

financedverbUS /fɪˈnænst/

past form of “finance” — obtain or provide money for

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

Gaudissart

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

gentlemannounUS /ˈdʒentəlmən/

a man of refinement

From this reading "Who is your gentleman, child?"

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading "Of his wife.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading "Who is your gentleman, child?"

justadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading That made me say just now that this age of ours is something sickening."

knowverbUS /noʊ/

be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

lateadjectiveUS /leɪt/

being or occurring at an advanced period of time or after a usual or expected time

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

leftnounUS /left/

location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

MnounUS /em/

the basic unit of length adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites (approximately 1.094 yards)

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading That made me say just now that this age of ours is something sickening."

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

mayornounUS /ˈmeɪər/

the head of a city government

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading That made me say just now that this age of ours is something sickening."

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

ourspronounUS /ˈaʊərz/

the one or ones belonging to us

From this reading That made me say just now that this age of ours is something sickening."

pomatumnoun

hairdressing consisting of a perfumed oil or ointment

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

potnounUS /pɑːt/

metal or earthenware cooking vessel that is usually round and deep; often has a handle and lid

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading That made me say just now that this age of ours is something sickening."

sickeningadjectiveUS /ˈsɪkənɪŋ/

causing or able to cause nausea

From this reading That made me say just now that this age of ours is something sickening."

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

somethingpronounUS /ˈsʌmθɪŋ/

a thing, without saying which

From this reading That made me say just now that this age of ours is something sickening."

stupidadjectiveUS /ˈstuːpəd/

lacking or marked by lack of intellectual acuity

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

ThatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading That made me say just now that this age of ours is something sickening."

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading That made me say just now that this age of ours is something sickening."

WhatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading "What did he die of?"

WhopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading "Who is your gentleman, child?"

wifenounUS /waɪf/

a married woman; a man's partner in marriage

From this reading "Of his wife.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading "M. Baudoyer, the mayor of your arrondissement, a man as stupid as the late Crevel; Crevel once financed Gaudissart, you know, and a few days ago he died and left me nothing, not so much as a pot of pomatum.

yourdeterminerUS /jɔːr/

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading "Who is your gentleman, child?"

Chapter 31 of Poor Relations by Honoré de Balzac holds 421 sentences, grouped into 85 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of Poor Relations contain?

Chapter 31 holds 421 sentences of Poor Relations, unabridged, divided into 85 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of Poor Relations by Honoré de Balzac exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 421 sentences, grouped into 85 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of Poor Relations?

Work through the 85 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 85 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Poor Relations

Common questions about reading Poor Relations by Honoré de Balzac on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Poor Relations?

Yes. All 13729 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #12900 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Poor Relations is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #12900, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Poor Relations take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 2746 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Poor Relations section by section

How to work through Poor Relations section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 34 chapters of Poor Relations to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Poor Relations

Words and structures a reader meets early in Poor Relations, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Cousine
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Poor Relations; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Bette
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Poor Relations; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Perhaps
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Poor Relations; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Really
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Poor Relations; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.