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Practical Mechanics for Boys
Practical Mechanics for Boys

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Practical Mechanics for Boys is here in full — 99 sentences across 20 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/19 · 5 lines
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SETTING AND HOLDING TOOLS Some simple directions in the holding and setting of tools may be of service to the novice.
Practice has shown the most effective way of treating different materials, so that the tools will do the most efficient work.
A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.
LATHE SPEED.--If the lathe should run at the same speed on a piece of cast iron as with a brass casting, the result would not be very satisfactory, either with the tool or on the work itself.
Some compositions of metal require a high speed, and some a hooked tool.
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Practical Mechanics for Boys

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Practical Mechanics for Boys is here in full — 99 sentences across 20 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/19 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
SETTING AND HOLDING TOOLS Some simple directions in the holding and setting of tools may be of service to the novice.
/ˈsetɪŋ ənd ˈhoʊldɪŋ tuːlz sʌm ˈsɪmpəl dərˈekʃənz ɪn ðə ˈhoʊldɪŋ ənd ˈsetɪŋ ʌv tuːlz meɪ biː ʌv ˈsɜːrvəs tuː ðə ˈnɑːvəs/
Line 2
Practice has shown the most effective way of treating different materials, so that the tools will do the most efficient work.
/ˈpræktəs hæz ʃoʊn ðə moʊst ɪˈfektɪv weɪ ʌv ˈtriːtɪŋ ˈdɪfərənt məˈtɪriəlz soʊ ðæt ðə tuːlz wɪl duː ðə moʊst ɪˈfɪʃənt wɜːrk/
Line 3
A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.
/ə tuːl ɡraʊnd ɪn ə ˈsɜːrtən weɪ ənd set æt ə pərˈtɪkjələr ˈæŋɡəl maɪt duː ðə wɜːrk ˈædmərəbli ɑːn ə piːs ʌv stiːl bʌt wʊd nɑːt ˈpɑːsəbli wɜːrk ɑːn əˈluːmənəm ɔːr bræs/
Line 4
LATHE SPEED.--If the lathe should run at the same speed on a piece of cast iron as with a brass casting, the result would not be very satisfactory, either with the tool or on the work itself.
Line 5
Some compositions of metal require a high speed, and some a hooked tool.
/sʌm ˌkɑːmpəˈzɪʃənz ʌv ˈmetəl ˌriːˈkwaɪər ə haɪ spiːd ənd sʌm ə hʊkt tuːl/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

aluminum noun US /əˈluːmənəm/

a silvery ductile metallic element found primarily in bauxite

From this reading “A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.”

compositions noun US /ˌkɑːmpəˈzɪʃənz/

plural of “composition” — the spatial property resulting from the arrangement of parts in relation to each other and to the whole

From this reading “Some compositions of metal require a high speed, and some a hooked tool.”

efficient adjective US /ɪˈfɪʃənt/

being effective without wasting time or effort or expense

From this reading “Practice has shown the most effective way of treating different materials, so that the tools will do the most efficient work.”

hooked adjective US /hʊkt/

curved down like an eagle's beak

From this reading “Some compositions of metal require a high speed, and some a hooked tool.”

lathe noun US /leɪð/

machine tool for shaping metal or wood; the workpiece turns about a horizontal axis against a fixed tool

From this reading “LATHE SPEED.--If the lathe should run at the same speed on a piece of cast iron as with a brass casting, the result would not be very satisfactory, either with the tool or on the work itself.”

novice noun US /ˈnɑːvəs/

someone who has entered a religious order but has not taken final vows

From this reading “SETTING AND HOLDING TOOLS Some simple directions in the holding and setting of tools may be of service to the novice.”

tool noun US /tuːl/

an implement used in the practice of a vocation

From this reading “A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.”

treating verb US /ˈtriːtɪŋ/

-ing form of “treat” — interact in a certain way

From this reading “Practice has shown the most effective way of treating different materials, so that the tools will do the most efficient work.”

All words in this reading · 71

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.

admirablyadverbUS /ˈædmərəbli/

in an admirable manner

From this reading A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.

aluminumnounUS /əˈluːmənəm/

a silvery ductile metallic element found primarily in bauxite

From this reading A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading SETTING AND HOLDING TOOLS Some simple directions in the holding and setting of tools may be of service to the novice.

anglenounUS /ˈæŋɡəl/

the space between two lines or planes that intersect; the inclination of one line to another; measured in degrees or radians

From this reading A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading LATHE SPEED.--If the lathe should run at the same speed on a piece of cast iron as with a brass casting, the result would not be very satisfactory, either with the tool or on the work itself.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading SETTING AND HOLDING TOOLS Some simple directions in the holding and setting of tools may be of service to the novice.

brassnounUS /bræs/

an alloy of copper and zinc

From this reading A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.

castverbUS /kæst/

put or send forth

From this reading LATHE SPEED.--If the lathe should run at the same speed on a piece of cast iron as with a brass casting, the result would not be very satisfactory, either with the tool or on the work itself.

castingnounUS /ˈkæstɪŋ/

object formed by a mold

From this reading LATHE SPEED.--If the lathe should run at the same speed on a piece of cast iron as with a brass casting, the result would not be very satisfactory, either with the tool or on the work itself.

certainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.

compositionsnounUS /ˌkɑːmpəˈzɪʃənz/

plural of “composition” — the spatial property resulting from the arrangement of parts in relation to each other and to the whole

From this reading Some compositions of metal require a high speed, and some a hooked tool.

differentadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading Practice has shown the most effective way of treating different materials, so that the tools will do the most efficient work.

directionsnounUS /dərˈekʃənz/

plural of “direction” — a line leading to a place or point

From this reading SETTING AND HOLDING TOOLS Some simple directions in the holding and setting of tools may be of service to the novice.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Practice has shown the most effective way of treating different materials, so that the tools will do the most efficient work.

effectiveadjectiveUS /ɪˈfektɪv/

producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect

From this reading Practice has shown the most effective way of treating different materials, so that the tools will do the most efficient work.

efficientadjectiveUS /ɪˈfɪʃənt/

being effective without wasting time or effort or expense

From this reading Practice has shown the most effective way of treating different materials, so that the tools will do the most efficient work.

eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading LATHE SPEED.--If the lathe should run at the same speed on a piece of cast iron as with a brass casting, the result would not be very satisfactory, either with the tool or on the work itself.

groundnounUS /ɡraʊnd/

the solid part of the earth's surface

From this reading A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Practice has shown the most effective way of treating different materials, so that the tools will do the most efficient work.

highadjectiveUS /haɪ/

greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading Some compositions of metal require a high speed, and some a hooked tool.

HOLDINGnounUS /ˈhoʊldɪŋ/

the act of retaining something

From this reading SETTING AND HOLDING TOOLS Some simple directions in the holding and setting of tools may be of service to the novice.

hookedadjectiveUS /hʊkt/

curved down like an eagle's beak

From this reading Some compositions of metal require a high speed, and some a hooked tool.

IfconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading LATHE SPEED.--If the lathe should run at the same speed on a piece of cast iron as with a brass casting, the result would not be very satisfactory, either with the tool or on the work itself.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading SETTING AND HOLDING TOOLS Some simple directions in the holding and setting of tools may be of service to the novice.

ironnounUS /ˈaɪərn/

a heavy ductile magnetic metallic element; is silver-white in pure form but readily rusts; used in construction and tools and armament; plays a role in the transport of oxygen by the blood

From this reading LATHE SPEED.--If the lathe should run at the same speed on a piece of cast iron as with a brass casting, the result would not be very satisfactory, either with the tool or on the work itself.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading LATHE SPEED.--If the lathe should run at the same speed on a piece of cast iron as with a brass casting, the result would not be very satisfactory, either with the tool or on the work itself.

LATHEnounUS /leɪð/

machine tool for shaping metal or wood; the workpiece turns about a horizontal axis against a fixed tool

From this reading LATHE SPEED.--If the lathe should run at the same speed on a piece of cast iron as with a brass casting, the result would not be very satisfactory, either with the tool or on the work itself.

materialsnounUS /məˈtɪriəlz/

plural of “material” — the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object

From this reading Practice has shown the most effective way of treating different materials, so that the tools will do the most efficient work.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading SETTING AND HOLDING TOOLS Some simple directions in the holding and setting of tools may be of service to the novice.

metalnounUS /ˈmetəl/

any of several chemical elements that are usually shiny solids that conduct heat or electricity and can be formed into sheets etc.

From this reading Some compositions of metal require a high speed, and some a hooked tool.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading Practice has shown the most effective way of treating different materials, so that the tools will do the most efficient work.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.

novicenounUS /ˈnɑːvəs/

someone who has entered a religious order but has not taken final vows

From this reading SETTING AND HOLDING TOOLS Some simple directions in the holding and setting of tools may be of service to the novice.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading SETTING AND HOLDING TOOLS Some simple directions in the holding and setting of tools may be of service to the novice.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.

particularadjectiveUS /pərˈtɪkjələr/

unique or specific to a person or thing or category

From this reading A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.

piecenounUS /piːs/

a separate part of a whole

From this reading A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.

possiblyadverbUS /ˈpɑːsəbli/

by chance

From this reading A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.

PracticenounUS /ˈpræktəs/

a customary way of operation or behavior

From this reading Practice has shown the most effective way of treating different materials, so that the tools will do the most efficient work.

requireverbUS /ˌriːˈkwaɪər/

require as useful, just, or proper

From this reading Some compositions of metal require a high speed, and some a hooked tool.

resultnounUS /rɪˈzʌlt/

a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading LATHE SPEED.--If the lathe should run at the same speed on a piece of cast iron as with a brass casting, the result would not be very satisfactory, either with the tool or on the work itself.

runverbUS /rʌn/

move fast by using one's feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time

From this reading LATHE SPEED.--If the lathe should run at the same speed on a piece of cast iron as with a brass casting, the result would not be very satisfactory, either with the tool or on the work itself.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading LATHE SPEED.--If the lathe should run at the same speed on a piece of cast iron as with a brass casting, the result would not be very satisfactory, either with the tool or on the work itself.

satisfactoryadjectiveUS /ˌsætəˈsfæktri/

giving satisfaction

From this reading LATHE SPEED.--If the lathe should run at the same speed on a piece of cast iron as with a brass casting, the result would not be very satisfactory, either with the tool or on the work itself.

servicenounUS /ˈsɜːrvəs/

work done by one person or group that benefits another

From this reading SETTING AND HOLDING TOOLS Some simple directions in the holding and setting of tools may be of service to the novice.

setverbUS /set/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.

SETTINGnounUS /ˈsetɪŋ/

the context and environment in which something is set

From this reading SETTING AND HOLDING TOOLS Some simple directions in the holding and setting of tools may be of service to the novice.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading LATHE SPEED.--If the lathe should run at the same speed on a piece of cast iron as with a brass casting, the result would not be very satisfactory, either with the tool or on the work itself.

shownverbUS /ʃoʊn/

inflected form of “show” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading Practice has shown the most effective way of treating different materials, so that the tools will do the most efficient work.

simpleadjectiveUS /ˈsɪmpəl/

having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved

From this reading SETTING AND HOLDING TOOLS Some simple directions in the holding and setting of tools may be of service to the novice.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Practice has shown the most effective way of treating different materials, so that the tools will do the most efficient work.

SomeadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading SETTING AND HOLDING TOOLS Some simple directions in the holding and setting of tools may be of service to the novice.

SPEEDverbUS /spiːd/

move hurridly

From this reading LATHE SPEED.--If the lathe should run at the same speed on a piece of cast iron as with a brass casting, the result would not be very satisfactory, either with the tool or on the work itself.

steelnounUS /stiːl/

an alloy of iron with small amounts of carbon; widely used in construction; mechanical properties can be varied over a wide range

From this reading A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Practice has shown the most effective way of treating different materials, so that the tools will do the most efficient work.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading SETTING AND HOLDING TOOLS Some simple directions in the holding and setting of tools may be of service to the novice.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading SETTING AND HOLDING TOOLS Some simple directions in the holding and setting of tools may be of service to the novice.

toolnounUS /tuːl/

an implement used in the practice of a vocation

From this reading A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.

TOOLSnounUS /tuːlz/

plural of “tool” — an implement used in the practice of a vocation

From this reading SETTING AND HOLDING TOOLS Some simple directions in the holding and setting of tools may be of service to the novice.

treatingverbUS /ˈtriːtɪŋ/

-ing form of “treat” — interact in a certain way

From this reading Practice has shown the most effective way of treating different materials, so that the tools will do the most efficient work.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading LATHE SPEED.--If the lathe should run at the same speed on a piece of cast iron as with a brass casting, the result would not be very satisfactory, either with the tool or on the work itself.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading Practice has shown the most effective way of treating different materials, so that the tools will do the most efficient work.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading Practice has shown the most effective way of treating different materials, so that the tools will do the most efficient work.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading LATHE SPEED.--If the lathe should run at the same speed on a piece of cast iron as with a brass casting, the result would not be very satisfactory, either with the tool or on the work itself.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading Practice has shown the most effective way of treating different materials, so that the tools will do the most efficient work.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.

Chapter 4 of Practical Mechanics for Boys by James Slough Zerbe holds 99 sentences, grouped into 20 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Practical Mechanics for Boys contain?

Chapter 4 holds 99 sentences of Practical Mechanics for Boys, unabridged, divided into 20 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Practical Mechanics for Boys by James Slough Zerbe exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 99 sentences, grouped into 20 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

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Work through the 20 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

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Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Vocabulary met early in Practical Mechanics for Boys

Words and structures a reader meets early in Practical Mechanics for Boys, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

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Chapter 3
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