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Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2)
Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2)

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2) is here in full — 432 sentences across 87 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2)
Context Illustration Reading 1/86 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
I am, Dear Sir, Most truly yours, E. GIBBON.
I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.
[66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.
He retained the post till the appointment of George Pitt in 1762.
In 1764 he was once more acting as _chargé_.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2)

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2) is here in full — 432 sentences across 87 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/86 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
I am, Dear Sir, Most truly yours, E. GIBBON.
/aɪ æm dɪr sɜːr moʊst ˈtruːli jʊrz iː ˈɡɪbən/
Line 2
I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.
Line 3
[66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.
Line 4
He retained the post till the appointment of George Pitt in 1762.
Line 5
In 1764 he was once more acting as _chargé_.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Banker noun US /ˈbæŋkər/

a financier who owns or is an executive in a bank

From this reading “I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.”

chaplain noun US /ˈtʃæplən/

a clergyman ministering to some institution

From this reading “[66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.”

Embassy noun US /ˈembəsi/

a diplomatic building where ambassadors live or work

From this reading “[66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.”

Envoy noun US /ˈenvɔɪ/

a diplomat having less authority than an ambassador

From this reading “[66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.”

gibbon noun US /ˈɡɪbən/

English historian best known for his history of the Roman Empire (1737-1794)

From this reading “I am, Dear Sir, Most truly yours, E. GIBBON.”

Mackenzie noun US /məˈkenzi/

Canadian explorer (born in England) who explored the Mackenzie River and who was first to cross North America by land north of Mexico (1764-1820)

From this reading “[66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.”

Pitt noun US /pɪt/

a British playwright who created the fictional character Sweeney Todd (1799-1855)

From this reading “He retained the post till the appointment of George Pitt in 1762.”

Turin noun US /ˈtjʊrɪn/

capital city of the Piemonte region of northwestern Italy

From this reading “[66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

once more adverb + adjective

anew

In this reading “In 1764 he was once more acting as _chargé_.”

fifteen days noun + noun

In this reading “I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.”

Dear Sir adjective + noun

In this reading “I am, Dear Sir, Most truly yours, E. GIBBON.”

All words in this reading · 62

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1730

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.

1758

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.

1762

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He retained the post till the appointment of George Pitt in 1762.

1764

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In 1764 he was once more acting as _chargé_.

1812

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.

66

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.

absencenounUS /ˈæbsəns/

the state of being absent

From this reading [66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.

actedverbUS /ˈæktɪd/

past form of “act” — perform an action, or work out or perform (an action)

From this reading [66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.

actingnounUS /ˈæktɪŋ/

the performance of a part or role in a drama

From this reading In 1764 he was once more acting as _chargé_.

amauxiliary verbUS /æm/

the form of “be” used with “I”

From this reading I am, Dear Sir, Most truly yours, E. GIBBON.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.

appointmentnounUS /əˈpɔɪntmənt/

the act of putting a person into a non-elective position

From this reading He retained the post till the appointment of George Pitt in 1762.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading [66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.

BankernounUS /ˈbæŋkər/

a financier who owns or is an executive in a bank

From this reading I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.

chaplainnounUS /ˈtʃæplən/

a clergyman ministering to some institution

From this reading [66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.

chargé

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.

chuse

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.

d'affaires

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.

DearadjectiveUS /dɪr/

dearly loved

From this reading I am, Dear Sir, Most truly yours, E. GIBBON.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.

drawverbUS /drɔː/

cause to move by pulling

From this reading I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.

Dutens

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.

EnounUS /iː/

a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for normal reproduction; an important antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals in the body

From this reading I am, Dear Sir, Most truly yours, E. GIBBON.

eightadjectiveUS /eɪt/

being one more than seven

From this reading I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.

EmbassynounUS /ˈembəsi/

a diplomatic building where ambassadors live or work

From this reading [66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.

EnvoynounUS /ˈenvɔɪ/

a diplomat having less authority than an ambassador

From this reading [66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.

fifteennounUS /fɪfˈtiːn/

the cardinal number that is the sum of fourteen and one

From this reading I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.

forcedadjectiveUS /fɔːrst/

produced by or subjected to forcing

From this reading I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.

GeorgenounUS /dʒɔːrdʒ/

Christian martyr; patron saint of England; hero of the legend of Saint George and the Dragon in which he slew a dragon and saved a princess (?-303)

From this reading He retained the post till the appointment of George Pitt in 1762.

GIBBONnounUS /ˈɡɪbən/

English historian best known for his history of the Roman Empire (1737-1794)

From this reading I am, Dear Sir, Most truly yours, E. GIBBON.

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He retained the post till the appointment of George Pitt in 1762.

Hon

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I am, Dear Sir, Most truly yours, E. GIBBON.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading [66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.

LouisnounUS /ˈluːɪs/

United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion for 12 years (1914-1981)

From this reading [66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.

MackenzienounUS /məˈkenzi/

Canadian explorer (born in England) who explored the Mackenzie River and who was first to cross North America by land north of Mexico (1764-1820)

From this reading [66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.

MostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading I am, Dear Sir, Most truly yours, E. GIBBON.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading [66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading In 1764 he was once more acting as _chargé_.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.

PittnounUS /pɪt/

a British playwright who created the fictional character Sweeney Todd (1799-1855)

From this reading He retained the post till the appointment of George Pitt in 1762.

postverbUS /poʊst/

affix in a public place or for public notice

From this reading He retained the post till the appointment of George Pitt in 1762.

retainedadjectiveUS /rɪˈteɪnd/

continued in your keeping or use or memory

From this reading He retained the post till the appointment of George Pitt in 1762.

sightnounUS /saɪt/

an instance of visual perception

From this reading I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.

SirnounUS /sɜːr/

term of address for a man

From this reading I am, Dear Sir, Most truly yours, E. GIBBON.

StuartnounUS /ˈstuːərt/

United States painter best known for his portraits of George Washington (1755-1828)

From this reading [66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.

tillprepositionUS /tɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading He retained the post till the appointment of George Pitt in 1762.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.

trulyadverbUS /ˈtruːli/

in accordance with truth or fact or reality

From this reading I am, Dear Sir, Most truly yours, E. GIBBON.

TurinnounUS /ˈtjʊrɪn/

capital city of the Piemonte region of northwestern Italy

From this reading [66] Louis Dutens (1730-1812), chaplain to the Embassy at Turin in 1758, had, in the absence of the Envoy (the Hon. Stuart Mackenzie), acted as _chargé d'affaires_.

wantedadjectiveUS /ˈwɔːntɪd/

desired or wished for or sought

From this reading I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading I was forced to draw at fifteen days sight; the Banker did not chuse to give me more and wanted to have had only eight.

yourspronounUS /jʊrz/

the one or ones belonging to the person spoken to

From this reading I am, Dear Sir, Most truly yours, E. GIBBON.

Chapter 4 of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2) by Edward Gibbon holds 432 sentences, grouped into 87 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2) contain?

Chapter 4 holds 432 sentences of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2), unabridged, divided into 87 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2) by Edward Gibbon exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 432 sentences, grouped into 87 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2)?

Work through the 87 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 87 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Common questions about reading Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2) by Edward Gibbon on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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Yes. All 7879 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #42578 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #42578, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 600 minutes of reading across 1576 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2) section by section

How to work through Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2) section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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Vocabulary met early in Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2)

Words and structures a reader meets early in Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2), each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Introduction
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sheffield
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Edited
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Rowland
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.