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Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2)
Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2)

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2) is here in full — 375 sentences across 75 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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[147] Caroline Matilda, posthumous child of Frederick, Prince of Wales, was born in July, 1751.
She married in October, 1766, Christian VII., King of Denmark.
Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.
The marriage proved unhappy.
Her husband appears to have been a low brute, whose excesses impaired whatever mind he originally possessed.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2)

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2) is here in full — 375 sentences across 75 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/75 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
[147] Caroline Matilda, posthumous child of Frederick, Prince of Wales, was born in July, 1751.
Line 2
She married in October, 1766, Christian VII., King of Denmark.
Line 3
Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.
/bɪˈfɔːr hɜːr dɪˈpɑːrtʃər frʌm ˈɪŋɡlənd hɜːr ˈpɔːrtrət wɑːz ˈpeɪntɪd baɪ sɜːr ˈdʒɑːʃuːə ˈrenəldz huː kəmˈpleɪnd ðæt ʃiː wɑːz soʊ ˈkɑːnstəntli ɪn terz ðæt hiː kʊd duː ˈdʒʌstəs ˈniːðər tuː hɜːr nɔːr tuː hɪmˈself/
Line 4
The marriage proved unhappy.
/ðə ˈmerɪdʒ pruːvd ənˈhæpi/
Line 5
Her husband appears to have been a low brute, whose excesses impaired whatever mind he originally possessed.
/hɜːr ˈhʌzbənd əˈpɪrz tuː hæv bɪn ə loʊ bruːt huːz ˌekˈsesɪz ˌɪmˈperd ˌwʌˈtevər maɪnd hiː ərˈɪdʒənəli pəˈzest/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Denmark noun US /ˈdenmɑːrk/

a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe; consists of the mainland of Jutland and many islands between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea

From this reading “She married in October, 1766, Christian VII., King of Denmark.”

excesses noun US /ˌekˈsesɪz/

plural of “excess” — a quantity much larger than is needed

From this reading “Her husband appears to have been a low brute, whose excesses impaired whatever mind he originally possessed.”

impaired adjective US /ˌɪmˈperd/

diminished in strength, quality, or utility

From this reading “Her husband appears to have been a low brute, whose excesses impaired whatever mind he originally possessed.”

Joshua noun US /ˈdʒɑːʃuːə/

(Old Testament) Moses' successor who led the Israelites into the Promised Land; best remembered for his destruction of Jericho

From this reading “Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.”

originally adverb US /ərˈɪdʒənəli/

in an original manner

From this reading “Her husband appears to have been a low brute, whose excesses impaired whatever mind he originally possessed.”

posthumous adjective US /ˈpɑːstʃʊməs/

occurring or coming into existence after a person's death

From this reading “[147] Caroline Matilda, posthumous child of Frederick, Prince of Wales, was born in July, 1751.”

Reynolds noun US /ˈrenəldz/

English portrait painter and first president of the Royal Academy (1723-1792)

From this reading “Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.”

Wales noun US /weɪlz/

one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; during Roman times the region was known as Cambria

From this reading “[147] Caroline Matilda, posthumous child of Frederick, Prince of Wales, was born in July, 1751.”

All words in this reading · 65

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

147

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [147] Caroline Matilda, posthumous child of Frederick, Prince of Wales, was born in July, 1751.

1751

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [147] Caroline Matilda, posthumous child of Frederick, Prince of Wales, was born in July, 1751.

1766

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading She married in October, 1766, Christian VII., King of Denmark.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Her husband appears to have been a low brute, whose excesses impaired whatever mind he originally possessed.

appearsverbUS /əˈpɪrz/

third-person singular of “appear” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading Her husband appears to have been a low brute, whose excesses impaired whatever mind he originally possessed.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Her husband appears to have been a low brute, whose excesses impaired whatever mind he originally possessed.

BeforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

bornadjectiveUS /bɔːrn/

brought into existence

From this reading [147] Caroline Matilda, posthumous child of Frederick, Prince of Wales, was born in July, 1751.

brutenounUS /bruːt/

a cruelly rapacious person

From this reading Her husband appears to have been a low brute, whose excesses impaired whatever mind he originally possessed.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

CarolineadjectiveUS /ˈkerəlaɪn/

of or relating to the life and times of kings Charles I or Charles II of England

From this reading [147] Caroline Matilda, posthumous child of Frederick, Prince of Wales, was born in July, 1751.

childnounUS /tʃaɪld/

a young person of either sex

From this reading [147] Caroline Matilda, posthumous child of Frederick, Prince of Wales, was born in July, 1751.

ChristianadjectiveUS /ˈkrɪstʃən/

relating to or characteristic of Christianity

From this reading She married in October, 1766, Christian VII., King of Denmark.

complainedverbUS /kəmˈpleɪnd/

past form of “complain” — express complaints, discontent, displeasure, or unhappiness

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

constantlyadverbUS /ˈkɑːnstəntli/

without variation or change, in every case

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

DenmarknounUS /ˈdenmɑːrk/

a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe; consists of the mainland of Jutland and many islands between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea

From this reading She married in October, 1766, Christian VII., King of Denmark.

departurenounUS /dɪˈpɑːrtʃər/

the act of departing

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

excessesnounUS /ˌekˈsesɪz/

plural of “excess” — a quantity much larger than is needed

From this reading Her husband appears to have been a low brute, whose excesses impaired whatever mind he originally possessed.

FredericknounUS /ˈfredrɪk/

a town in northern Maryland to the west of Baltimore

From this reading [147] Caroline Matilda, posthumous child of Frederick, Prince of Wales, was born in July, 1751.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Her husband appears to have been a low brute, whose excesses impaired whatever mind he originally possessed.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

husbandnounUS /ˈhʌzbənd/

a married man; a woman's partner in marriage

From this reading Her husband appears to have been a low brute, whose excesses impaired whatever mind he originally possessed.

impairedadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈperd/

diminished in strength, quality, or utility

From this reading Her husband appears to have been a low brute, whose excesses impaired whatever mind he originally possessed.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading [147] Caroline Matilda, posthumous child of Frederick, Prince of Wales, was born in July, 1751.

JoshuanounUS /ˈdʒɑːʃuːə/

(Old Testament) Moses' successor who led the Israelites into the Promised Land; best remembered for his destruction of Jericho

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

JulynounUS /ˌdʒuːˈlaɪ/

the month following June and preceding August

From this reading [147] Caroline Matilda, posthumous child of Frederick, Prince of Wales, was born in July, 1751.

justicenounUS /ˈdʒʌstəs/

the quality of being just or fair

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading She married in October, 1766, Christian VII., King of Denmark.

lowadjectiveUS /loʊ/

less than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading Her husband appears to have been a low brute, whose excesses impaired whatever mind he originally possessed.

marriagenounUS /ˈmerɪdʒ/

the state of being a married couple voluntarily joined for life (or until divorce)

From this reading The marriage proved unhappy.

marriedadjectiveUS /ˈmerid/

joined in matrimony

From this reading She married in October, 1766, Christian VII., King of Denmark.

Matilda

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [147] Caroline Matilda, posthumous child of Frederick, Prince of Wales, was born in July, 1751.

mindnounUS /maɪnd/

The element of a person that enables awareness and thought.

From this reading Her husband appears to have been a low brute, whose excesses impaired whatever mind he originally possessed.

neitherdeterminerUS /ˈniːðər/

not one and not the other of two

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

norconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

OctobernounUS /ɑːkˈtoʊbər/

the month following September and preceding November

From this reading She married in October, 1766, Christian VII., King of Denmark.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading [147] Caroline Matilda, posthumous child of Frederick, Prince of Wales, was born in July, 1751.

originallyadverbUS /ərˈɪdʒənəli/

in an original manner

From this reading Her husband appears to have been a low brute, whose excesses impaired whatever mind he originally possessed.

paintedadjectiveUS /ˈpeɪntɪd/

coated with paint

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

portraitnounUS /ˈpɔːrtrət/

a word picture of a person's appearance and character

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

possessedadjectiveUS /pəˈzest/

influenced or controlled by a powerful force such as a strong emotion

From this reading Her husband appears to have been a low brute, whose excesses impaired whatever mind he originally possessed.

posthumousadjectiveUS /ˈpɑːstʃʊməs/

occurring or coming into existence after a person's death

From this reading [147] Caroline Matilda, posthumous child of Frederick, Prince of Wales, was born in July, 1751.

PrincenounUS /prɪns/

a male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign)

From this reading [147] Caroline Matilda, posthumous child of Frederick, Prince of Wales, was born in July, 1751.

provedadjectiveUS /pruːvd/

established beyond doubt

From this reading The marriage proved unhappy.

ReynoldsnounUS /ˈrenəldz/

English portrait painter and first president of the Royal Academy (1723-1792)

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

ShepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading She married in October, 1766, Christian VII., King of Denmark.

SirnounUS /sɜːr/

term of address for a man

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

tearsnounUS /terz/

the process of shedding tears (usually accompanied by sobs or other inarticulate sounds)

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The marriage proved unhappy.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

unhappyadjectiveUS /ənˈhæpi/

experiencing or marked by or causing sadness or sorrow or discontent

From this reading The marriage proved unhappy.

VIInoun

the cardinal number that is the sum of six and one

From this reading She married in October, 1766, Christian VII., King of Denmark.

WalesnounUS /weɪlz/

one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; during Roman times the region was known as Cambria

From this reading [147] Caroline Matilda, posthumous child of Frederick, Prince of Wales, was born in July, 1751.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading [147] Caroline Matilda, posthumous child of Frederick, Prince of Wales, was born in July, 1751.

whateverdeterminerUS /ˌwʌˈtevər/

any or all of a kind, it does not matter which

From this reading Her husband appears to have been a low brute, whose excesses impaired whatever mind he originally possessed.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Before her departure from England, her portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who complained that she was so constantly in tears that he could do justice neither to her nor to himself.

whosedeterminerUS /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading Her husband appears to have been a low brute, whose excesses impaired whatever mind he originally possessed.

Chapter 8 of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2) by Edward Gibbon holds 375 sentences, grouped into 75 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2) contain?

Chapter 8 holds 375 sentences of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2), unabridged, divided into 75 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2) by Edward Gibbon exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 375 sentences, grouped into 75 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2)?

Work through the 75 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 75 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Yes. All 7879 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #42578 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #42578, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 600 minutes of reading across 1576 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2)

Words and structures a reader meets early in Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2), each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Introduction
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sheffield
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Edited
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Rowland
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.