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Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2)
Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2)

Chapter XI

Chapter 11 of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2) is here in full — 401 sentences across 81 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

By Edward Gibbon • Curated US English Learning Edition
Cover illustration for Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2)
Context Illustration Reading 1/80 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
[213] Godfrey Clarke, M.P. for Derbyshire.
[214] The British Coffee-house, in Cockspur Street, was a favourite resort of Scotchmen.
The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.
[215] Garrick and Colman were managers of the two rival theatres, Covent Garden and Drury Lane.
[216] George Colman (1732-1794) was at this time a formidable rival to Garrick.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2)

Chapter XI

Chapter 11 of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2) is here in full — 401 sentences across 81 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/80 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
[213] Godfrey Clarke, M.P. for Derbyshire.
Line 2
[214] The British Coffee-house, in Cockspur Street, was a favourite resort of Scotchmen.
Line 3
The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.
Line 4
[215] Garrick and Colman were managers of the two rival theatres, Covent Garden and Drury Lane.
Line 5
[216] George Colman (1732-1794) was at this time a formidable rival to Garrick.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Garrick noun US /ˈɡerɪk/

English actor and theater manager who was the foremost Shakespearean actor of his day (1717-1779)

From this reading “[215] Garrick and Colman were managers of the two rival theatres, Covent Garden and Drury Lane.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
managers noun US /ˈmænədʒərz/

plural of “manager” — someone who controls resources and expenditures

From this reading “[215] Garrick and Colman were managers of the two rival theatres, Covent Garden and Drury Lane.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
peers noun US /pɪrz/

plural of “peer” — a person who is of equal standing with another in a group

From this reading “The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
resort noun US /rɪˈzɔːrt/

a hotel located in a resort area

From this reading “[214] The British Coffee-house, in Cockspur Street, was a favourite resort of Scotchmen.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
Scottish noun US /ˈskɑːtɪʃ/

the dialect of English used in Scotland

From this reading “The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
soliciting verb US /səˈlɪsətɪŋ/

-ing form of “solicit” — make a solicitation or entreaty for something; request urgently or persistently

From this reading “The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
theatres noun US /ˈθiːətərz/

plural of “theatre” — a building where theatrical performances or motion-picture shows can be presented

From this reading “[215] Garrick and Colman were managers of the two rival theatres, Covent Garden and Drury Lane.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
votes noun US /voʊts/

plural of “vote” — a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative

From this reading “The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

favourite resort noun + noun

In this reading “[214] The British Coffee-house, in Cockspur Street, was a favourite resort of Scotchmen.”

276 times in 426,211 chapters

All words in this reading · 61

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1732

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [216] George Colman (1732-1794) was at this time a formidable rival to Garrick.

Pending verification
1750

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.

Pending verification
1794

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [216] George Colman (1732-1794) was at this time a formidable rival to Garrick.

Pending verification
213

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [213] Godfrey Clarke, M.P. for Derbyshire.

Pending verification
214

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [214] The British Coffee-house, in Cockspur Street, was a favourite resort of Scotchmen.

Pending verification
215

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [215] Garrick and Colman were managers of the two rival theatres, Covent Garden and Drury Lane.

Pending verification
216

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [216] George Colman (1732-1794) was at this time a formidable rival to Garrick.

Pending verification
adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading [214] The British Coffee-house, in Cockspur Street, was a favourite resort of Scotchmen.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
addressedadjectiveUS /əˈdrest/

(of mail) marked with a destination

From this reading The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading [216] George Colman (1732-1794) was at this time a formidable rival to Garrick.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
Bedford

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.

Pending verification
BritishnounUS /ˈbrɪtɪʃ/

the people of Great Britain

From this reading [214] The British Coffee-house, in Cockspur Street, was a favourite resort of Scotchmen.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
Clarke

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [213] Godfrey Clarke, M.P. for Derbyshire.

Pending verification
Cockspurnoun

widely grown stout Old World hay and pasture grass

From this reading [214] The British Coffee-house, in Cockspur Street, was a favourite resort of Scotchmen.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
Coffee-house

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [214] The British Coffee-house, in Cockspur Street, was a favourite resort of Scotchmen.

Pending verification
Colman

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [215] Garrick and Colman were managers of the two rival theatres, Covent Garden and Drury Lane.

Pending verification
Covent

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [215] Garrick and Colman were managers of the two rival theatres, Covent Garden and Drury Lane.

Pending verification
coververbUS /ˈkʌvər/

provide with a covering or cause to be covered

From this reading The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
Derbyshire

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [213] Godfrey Clarke, M.P. for Derbyshire.

Pending verification
Drury

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [215] Garrick and Colman were managers of the two rival theatres, Covent Garden and Drury Lane.

Pending verification
DukenounUS /duːk/

a British peer of the highest rank

From this reading The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
enclosedadjectiveUS /enˈkloʊzd/

closed in or surrounded or included within

From this reading The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
favouritenounUS /ˈfeɪvərɪt/

a competitor thought likely to win

From this reading [214] The British Coffee-house, in Cockspur Street, was a favourite resort of Scotchmen.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading [213] Godfrey Clarke, M.P. for Derbyshire.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
formidableadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrmədəbəl/

extremely impressive in strength or excellence

From this reading [216] George Colman (1732-1794) was at this time a formidable rival to Garrick.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
GardennounUS /ˈɡɑːrdən/

a plot of ground where plants are cultivated

From this reading [215] Garrick and Colman were managers of the two rival theatres, Covent Garden and Drury Lane.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
GarricknounUS /ˈɡerɪk/

English actor and theater manager who was the foremost Shakespearean actor of his day (1717-1779)

From this reading [215] Garrick and Colman were managers of the two rival theatres, Covent Garden and Drury Lane.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
GeorgenounUS /dʒɔːrdʒ/

Christian martyr; patron saint of England; hero of the legend of Saint George and the Dragon in which he slew a dragon and saved a princess (?-303)

From this reading [216] George Colman (1732-1794) was at this time a formidable rival to Garrick.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
Godfrey

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [213] Godfrey Clarke, M.P. for Derbyshire.

Pending verification
haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading [214] The British Coffee-house, in Cockspur Street, was a favourite resort of Scotchmen.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
LanenounUS /leɪn/

a narrow way or road

From this reading [215] Garrick and Colman were managers of the two rival theatres, Covent Garden and Drury Lane.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
lettersnounUS /ˈletərz/

the literary culture

From this reading The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
MnounUS /em/

the basic unit of length adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites (approximately 1.094 yards)

From this reading [213] Godfrey Clarke, M.P. for Derbyshire.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
managersnounUS /ˈmænədʒərz/

plural of “manager” — someone who controls resources and expenditures

From this reading [215] Garrick and Colman were managers of the two rival theatres, Covent Garden and Drury Lane.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading [214] The British Coffee-house, in Cockspur Street, was a favourite resort of Scotchmen.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
PnounUS /piː/

a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells; is highly reactive and occurs in several allotropic forms

From this reading [213] Godfrey Clarke, M.P. for Derbyshire.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
peersnounUS /pɪrz/

plural of “peer” — a person who is of equal standing with another in a group

From this reading The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
resortnounUS /rɪˈzɔːrt/

a hotel located in a resort area

From this reading [214] The British Coffee-house, in Cockspur Street, was a favourite resort of Scotchmen.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
rivalverbUS /ˈraɪvəl/

be equal to in quality or ability

From this reading [215] Garrick and Colman were managers of the two rival theatres, Covent Garden and Drury Lane.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
Scotchmen

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [214] The British Coffee-house, in Cockspur Street, was a favourite resort of Scotchmen.

Pending verification
ScottishnounUS /ˈskɑːtɪʃ/

the dialect of English used in Scotland

From this reading The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
sixteenadjectiveUS /sɪkˈstiːn/

being one more than fifteen

From this reading The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
solicitingverbUS /səˈlɪsətɪŋ/

-ing form of “solicit” — make a solicitation or entreaty for something; request urgently or persistently

From this reading The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
StreetnounUS /striːt/

a thoroughfare (usually including sidewalks) that is lined with buildings

From this reading [214] The British Coffee-house, in Cockspur Street, was a favourite resort of Scotchmen.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading [214] The British Coffee-house, in Cockspur Street, was a favourite resort of Scotchmen.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
theatresnounUS /ˈθiːətərz/

plural of “theatre” — a building where theatrical performances or motion-picture shows can be presented

From this reading [215] Garrick and Colman were managers of the two rival theatres, Covent Garden and Drury Lane.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading [216] George Colman (1732-1794) was at this time a formidable rival to Garrick.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading [216] George Colman (1732-1794) was at this time a formidable rival to Garrick.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading [215] Garrick and Colman were managers of the two rival theatres, Covent Garden and Drury Lane.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
votesnounUS /voʊts/

plural of “vote” — a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative

From this reading The Duke of Bedford, soliciting the votes of the sixteen Scottish peers in 1750, is said to have enclosed all the letters under one cover, and addressed it to the British Coffee-house.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading [214] The British Coffee-house, in Cockspur Street, was a favourite resort of Scotchmen.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading [215] Garrick and Colman were managers of the two rival theatres, Covent Garden and Drury Lane.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary

Chapter 11 of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2) by Edward Gibbon holds 401 sentences, grouped into 81 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 11 of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2) contain?

Chapter 11 holds 401 sentences of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2), unabridged, divided into 81 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 11 of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2) by Edward Gibbon exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 401 sentences, grouped into 81 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 11 of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2)?

Work through the 81 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 81 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 11 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 11 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Yes. All 7879 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #42578 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #42578, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 600 minutes of reading across 1576 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2)

Words and structures a reader meets early in Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2), each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Introduction
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sheffield
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Edited
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Rowland
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Private Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794) Volume 1 (of 2); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.