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Rafael in Italy
Rafael in Italy

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Rafael in Italy is here in full — 51 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/10 · 5 lines
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RAFAEL'S TRAINED TOPS It was early in the afternoon of the next day.
The tide was low in the canals of Venice.
Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.
At the base of the two great columns in the Piazzetta, groups of Venetian beggars were soundly sleeping.
The gondoliers call these beggars "crab-catchers," because they cling about the mooring-steps of the canals to beg centimes from the passengers in the gondolas.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Rafael in Italy

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Rafael in Italy is here in full — 51 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/10 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
RAFAEL'S TRAINED TOPS It was early in the afternoon of the next day.
Line 2
The tide was low in the canals of Venice.
/ðə taɪd wɑːz loʊ ɪn ðə kəˈnælz ʌv ˈvenəs/
Line 3
Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.
Line 4
At the base of the two great columns in the Piazzetta, groups of Venetian beggars were soundly sleeping.
Line 5
The gondoliers call these beggars "crab-catchers," because they cling about the mooring-steps of the canals to beg centimes from the passengers in the gondolas.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

canals noun US /kəˈnælz/

plural of “canal” — (astronomy) an indistinct surface feature of Mars once thought to be a system of channels; they are now believed to be an optical illusion

From this reading “The tide was low in the canals of Venice.”

centimes noun US /ˈsentaɪmz/

plural of “centime” — a fractional monetary unit of several countries: France and Algeria and Belgium and Burkina Faso and Burundi and Cameroon and Chad and the Congo and Gabon and Haiti and the Ivory Coast and Luxembourg and Mali and Morocco and Niger and Rwanda and Senegal and Switzerland and Togo

From this reading “The gondoliers call these beggars "crab-catchers," because they cling about the mooring-steps of the canals to beg centimes from the passengers in the gondolas.”

crabs noun US /kræbz/

infestation of the pubic hair by crab lice

From this reading “Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.”

gondolas noun US /ˈɡɑːndələz/

plural of “gondola” — a low flat-bottomed freight car with fixed sides but no roof

From this reading “The gondoliers call these beggars "crab-catchers," because they cling about the mooring-steps of the canals to beg centimes from the passengers in the gondolas.”

gondoliers noun US /ˌɡɑːndəˈlɪrz/

plural of “gondolier” — a (Venetian) boatman who propels a gondola

From this reading “The gondoliers call these beggars "crab-catchers," because they cling about the mooring-steps of the canals to beg centimes from the passengers in the gondolas.”

lazily adverb US /ˈlæzəli/

in a slow and lazy manner

From this reading “Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.”

soundly adverb US /ˈsaʊndli/

deeply or completely

From this reading “At the base of the two great columns in the Piazzetta, groups of Venetian beggars were soundly sleeping.”

Venetian noun US /vəˈniːʃən/

a resident of Venice

From this reading “At the base of the two great columns in the Piazzetta, groups of Venetian beggars were soundly sleeping.”

All words in this reading · 64

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading The gondoliers call these beggars "crab-catchers," because they cling about the mooring-steps of the canals to beg centimes from the passengers in the gondolas.

afternoonnounUS /ˌæftərˈnuːn/

the part of the day between noon and evening

From this reading RAFAEL'S TRAINED TOPS It was early in the afternoon of the next day.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.

AtprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading At the base of the two great columns in the Piazzetta, groups of Venetian beggars were soundly sleeping.

basenounUS /beɪs/

installation from which a military force initiates operations

From this reading At the base of the two great columns in the Piazzetta, groups of Venetian beggars were soundly sleeping.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading The gondoliers call these beggars "crab-catchers," because they cling about the mooring-steps of the canals to beg centimes from the passengers in the gondolas.

begverbUS /beɡ/

call upon in supplication; entreat

From this reading The gondoliers call these beggars "crab-catchers," because they cling about the mooring-steps of the canals to beg centimes from the passengers in the gondolas.

beggarsnounUS /ˈbeɡərz/

plural of “beggar” — a pauper who lives by begging

From this reading At the base of the two great columns in the Piazzetta, groups of Venetian beggars were soundly sleeping.

callverbUS /kɔːl/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading The gondoliers call these beggars "crab-catchers," because they cling about the mooring-steps of the canals to beg centimes from the passengers in the gondolas.

canalsnounUS /kəˈnælz/

plural of “canal” — (astronomy) an indistinct surface feature of Mars once thought to be a system of channels; they are now believed to be an optical illusion

From this reading The tide was low in the canals of Venice.

centimesnounUS /ˈsentaɪmz/

plural of “centime” — a fractional monetary unit of several countries: France and Algeria and Belgium and Burkina Faso and Burundi and Cameroon and Chad and the Congo and Gabon and Haiti and the Ivory Coast and Luxembourg and Mali and Morocco and Niger and Rwanda and Senegal and Switzerland and Togo

From this reading The gondoliers call these beggars "crab-catchers," because they cling about the mooring-steps of the canals to beg centimes from the passengers in the gondolas.

clingverbUS /klɪŋ/

come or be in close contact with; stick or hold together and resist separation

From this reading The gondoliers call these beggars "crab-catchers," because they cling about the mooring-steps of the canals to beg centimes from the passengers in the gondolas.

clingingverbUS /ˈklɪŋɪŋ/

-ing form of “cling” — come or be in close contact with; stick or hold together and resist separation

From this reading Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.

columnsnounUS /ˈkɑːləmz/

plural of “column” — a line of units following one after another

From this reading At the base of the two great columns in the Piazzetta, groups of Venetian beggars were soundly sleeping.

cooladjectiveUS /kuːl/

neither warm nor very cold; giving relief from heat

From this reading Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.

crab-catchers

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The gondoliers call these beggars "crab-catchers," because they cling about the mooring-steps of the canals to beg centimes from the passengers in the gondolas.

crabsnounUS /kræbz/

infestation of the pubic hair by crab lice

From this reading Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading RAFAEL'S TRAINED TOPS It was early in the afternoon of the next day.

earlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading RAFAEL'S TRAINED TOPS It was early in the afternoon of the next day.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.

gondolasnounUS /ˈɡɑːndələz/

plural of “gondola” — a low flat-bottomed freight car with fixed sides but no roof

From this reading The gondoliers call these beggars "crab-catchers," because they cling about the mooring-steps of the canals to beg centimes from the passengers in the gondolas.

gondoliersnounUS /ˌɡɑːndəˈlɪrz/

plural of “gondolier” — a (Venetian) boatman who propels a gondola

From this reading The gondoliers call these beggars "crab-catchers," because they cling about the mooring-steps of the canals to beg centimes from the passengers in the gondolas.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading At the base of the two great columns in the Piazzetta, groups of Venetian beggars were soundly sleeping.

greennounUS /ɡriːn/

green color or pigment; resembling the color of growing grass

From this reading Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.

groupsnounUS /ɡruːps/

plural of “group” — any number of entities (members) considered as a unit

From this reading At the base of the two great columns in the Piazzetta, groups of Venetian beggars were soundly sleeping.

housesnounUS /ˈhaʊsəz/

plural of “house” — a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.

HundredsnounUS /ˈhʌndrədz/

plural of “hundred” — ten 10s

From this reading Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading RAFAEL'S TRAINED TOPS It was early in the afternoon of the next day.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading RAFAEL'S TRAINED TOPS It was early in the afternoon of the next day.

lazilyadverbUS /ˈlæzəli/

in a slow and lazy manner

From this reading Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.

lowadjectiveUS /loʊ/

less than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading The tide was low in the canals of Venice.

mooring-steps

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The gondoliers call these beggars "crab-catchers," because they cling about the mooring-steps of the canals to beg centimes from the passengers in the gondolas.

nextadjectiveUS /nekst/

immediately following in time or order

From this reading RAFAEL'S TRAINED TOPS It was early in the afternoon of the next day.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading RAFAEL'S TRAINED TOPS It was early in the afternoon of the next day.

passengersnounUS /ˈpæsəndʒərz/

plural of “passenger” — a traveler riding in a vehicle (a boat or bus or car or plane or train etc) who is not operating it

From this reading The gondoliers call these beggars "crab-catchers," because they cling about the mooring-steps of the canals to beg centimes from the passengers in the gondolas.

Piazzetta

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading At the base of the two great columns in the Piazzetta, groups of Venetian beggars were soundly sleeping.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.

RAFAEL'S

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading RAFAEL'S TRAINED TOPS It was early in the afternoon of the next day.

saltnounUS /sɔːlt/

a compound formed by replacing hydrogen in an acid by a metal (or a radical that acts like a metal)

From this reading Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.

sea-water

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.

sleepingnounUS /ˈsliːpɪŋ/

the state of being asleep

From this reading At the base of the two great columns in the Piazzetta, groups of Venetian beggars were soundly sleeping.

soundlyadverbUS /ˈsaʊndli/

deeply or completely

From this reading At the base of the two great columns in the Piazzetta, groups of Venetian beggars were soundly sleeping.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.

stonenounUS /stoʊn/

a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading RAFAEL'S TRAINED TOPS It was early in the afternoon of the next day.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading The gondoliers call these beggars "crab-catchers," because they cling about the mooring-steps of the canals to beg centimes from the passengers in the gondolas.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The gondoliers call these beggars "crab-catchers," because they cling about the mooring-steps of the canals to beg centimes from the passengers in the gondolas.

tidenounUS /taɪd/

the periodic rise and fall of the sea level under the gravitational pull of the moon

From this reading The tide was low in the canals of Venice.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.

TOPSadjectiveUS /tɑːps/

of the highest quality

From this reading RAFAEL'S TRAINED TOPS It was early in the afternoon of the next day.

TRAINEDadjectiveUS /treɪnd/

shaped or conditioned or disciplined by training; often used as a combining form

From this reading RAFAEL'S TRAINED TOPS It was early in the afternoon of the next day.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading At the base of the two great columns in the Piazzetta, groups of Venetian beggars were soundly sleeping.

VenetiannounUS /vəˈniːʃən/

a resident of Venice

From this reading At the base of the two great columns in the Piazzetta, groups of Venetian beggars were soundly sleeping.

VenicenounUS /ˈvenəs/

the provincial capital of Veneto; built on 118 islands within a lagoon in the Gulf of Venice; has canals instead of streets; one of Italy's major ports and a famous tourist attraction

From this reading The tide was low in the canals of Venice.

wallsnounUS /wɔːlz/

plural of “wall” — an architectural partition with a height and length greater than its thickness; used to divide or enclose an area or to support another structure

From this reading Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading RAFAEL'S TRAINED TOPS It was early in the afternoon of the next day.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading At the base of the two great columns in the Piazzetta, groups of Venetian beggars were soundly sleeping.

wetadjectiveUS /wet/

covered or soaked with a liquid such as water

From this reading Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.

whereverconjunctionUS /weˈrevər/

in or to any place at all

From this reading Hundreds of green crabs could be seen clinging lazily to the stone walls of the houses, wherever there was a place still cool and wet from the salt sea-water.

Chapter 4 of Rafael in Italy by Etta Blaisdell McDonald holds 51 sentences, grouped into 11 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Rafael in Italy contain?

Chapter 4 holds 51 sentences of Rafael in Italy, unabridged, divided into 11 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Rafael in Italy by Etta Blaisdell McDonald exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 51 sentences, grouped into 11 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Rafael in Italy?

Work through the 11 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 11 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Rafael in Italy

Common questions about reading Rafael in Italy by Etta Blaisdell McDonald on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Rafael in Italy?

Yes. All 1337 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #28765 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Rafael in Italy is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #28765, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Rafael in Italy take to read?

About 111 minutes of reading across 268 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Rafael in Italy section by section

How to work through Rafael in Italy section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 18 chapters of Rafael in Italy to begin.

  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

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Vocabulary met early in Rafael in Italy

Words and structures a reader meets early in Rafael in Italy, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Vocabulary
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Rafael in Italy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Gives
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Rafael in Italy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Phonetic
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Rafael in Italy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Pronunciation
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Rafael in Italy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.