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Representative English Comedies, V. 1. From the Beginnings to Shakespeare
Representative English Comedies, V. 1. From the Beginnings to Shakespeare

Chapter XVIII

Chapter 18 of Representative English Comedies, V. 1. From the Beginnings to Shakespeare is here in full — 393 sentences across 79 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Representative English Comedies, V. 1. From the Beginnings to Shakespeare
Context Illustration Reading 1/78 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
=Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.
The boys of Westminster, Windsor, the Chapel Royal, and St. Paul's were often summoned to court.
For the last two companies, with whom acting became a profession, Lyly wrote his plays.
These divide into four classes.
The allegorical comedies, in which what is alluded to is as important as what is said, are _Endimion_, _Sapho and Phao_, and _Mydas_.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Representative English Comedies, V. 1. From the Beginnings to Shakespeare

Chapter XVIII

Chapter 18 of Representative English Comedies, V. 1. From the Beginnings to Shakespeare is here in full — 393 sentences across 79 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/78 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
=Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.
Line 2
The boys of Westminster, Windsor, the Chapel Royal, and St. Paul's were often summoned to court.
Line 3
For the last two companies, with whom acting became a profession, Lyly wrote his plays.
Line 4
These divide into four classes.
/ðiːz dɪˈvaɪd ˈɪntuː fɔːr ˈklæsəz/
Line 5
The allegorical comedies, in which what is alluded to is as important as what is said, are _Endimion_, _Sapho and Phao_, and _Mydas_.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

allegorical adjective US /ˌæləˈɡɔːrəkəl/

used in or characteristic of or containing allegory

From this reading “The allegorical comedies, in which what is alluded to is as important as what is said, are _Endimion_, _Sapho and Phao_, and _Mydas_.”

alluded verb US /əˈluːdɪd/

past form of “allude” — make a more or less disguised reference to

From this reading “The allegorical comedies, in which what is alluded to is as important as what is said, are _Endimion_, _Sapho and Phao_, and _Mydas_.”

choir noun US /ˈkwaɪər/

a chorus that sings as part of a religious ceremony

From this reading “=Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.”

comedies noun US /ˈkɑːmədiz/

plural of “comedy” — light and humorous drama with a happy ending

From this reading “The allegorical comedies, in which what is alluded to is as important as what is said, are _Endimion_, _Sapho and Phao_, and _Mydas_.”

Paul's noun US /pɔːlz/

possessive form of “paul” — United States feminist (1885-1977)

From this reading “The boys of Westminster, Windsor, the Chapel Royal, and St. Paul's were often summoned to court.”

Subdivision noun US /ˈsʌbdɪvɪʒən/

an area composed of subdivided lots

From this reading “=Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.”

Westminster noun US /ˌwestˈmɪnstər/

a borough of Greater London on the Thames; contains Buckingham Palace and the Houses of Parliament and Westminster Abbey

From this reading “The boys of Westminster, Windsor, the Chapel Royal, and St. Paul's were often summoned to court.”

Windsor noun US /ˈwɪnzər/

a city in southeastern Ontario on the Detroit River opposite Detroit

From this reading “The boys of Westminster, Windsor, the Chapel Royal, and St. Paul's were often summoned to court.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

choir boys noun + noun counted as “choir boy”

In this reading “=Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.”

great favour adjective + noun

In this reading “=Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.”

last two adjective + noun

In this reading “For the last two companies, with whom acting became a profession, Lyly wrote his plays.”

All words in this reading · 62

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1580

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading =Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading =Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.

actingnounUS /ˈæktɪŋ/

the performance of a part or role in a drama

From this reading =Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.

allegoricaladjectiveUS /ˌæləˈɡɔːrəkəl/

used in or characteristic of or containing allegory

From this reading The allegorical comedies, in which what is alluded to is as important as what is said, are _Endimion_, _Sapho and Phao_, and _Mydas_.

alludedverbUS /əˈluːdɪd/

past form of “allude” — make a more or less disguised reference to

From this reading The allegorical comedies, in which what is alluded to is as important as what is said, are _Endimion_, _Sapho and Phao_, and _Mydas_.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading =Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The allegorical comedies, in which what is alluded to is as important as what is said, are _Endimion_, _Sapho and Phao_, and _Mydas_.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading =Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.

becameverbUS /bɪˈkeɪm/

inflected form of “become” — enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading For the last two companies, with whom acting became a profession, Lyly wrote his plays.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading =Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.

boysnounUS /bɔɪz/

plural of “boy” — a youthful male person

From this reading =Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.

ChapelnounUS /ˈtʃæpəl/

a place of worship that has its own altar

From this reading The boys of Westminster, Windsor, the Chapel Royal, and St. Paul's were often summoned to court.

choirnounUS /ˈkwaɪər/

a chorus that sings as part of a religious ceremony

From this reading =Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.

classesnounUS /ˈklæsəz/

plural of “class” — a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading These divide into four classes.

comediesnounUS /ˈkɑːmədiz/

plural of “comedy” — light and humorous drama with a happy ending

From this reading The allegorical comedies, in which what is alluded to is as important as what is said, are _Endimion_, _Sapho and Phao_, and _Mydas_.

companiesnounUS /ˈkʌmpəniːz/

plural of “company” — an institution created to conduct business

From this reading For the last two companies, with whom acting became a profession, Lyly wrote his plays.

consequencenounUS /ˈkɑːnsəkwəns/

a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading =Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.

courtnounUS /kɔːrt/

an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business

From this reading The boys of Westminster, Windsor, the Chapel Royal, and St. Paul's were often summoned to court.

divideverbUS /dɪˈvaɪd/

separate into parts or portions

From this reading These divide into four classes.

Endimion

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The allegorical comedies, in which what is alluded to is as important as what is said, are _Endimion_, _Sapho and Phao_, and _Mydas_.

favournounUS /ˈfeɪvər/

a feeling of favorable regard

From this reading =Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For the last two companies, with whom acting became a profession, Lyly wrote his plays.

fournounUS /fɔːr/

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading These divide into four classes.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading =Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading For the last two companies, with whom acting became a profession, Lyly wrote his plays.

importantadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɔːrtənt/

of great significance or value

From this reading The allegorical comedies, in which what is alluded to is as important as what is said, are _Endimion_, _Sapho and Phao_, and _Mydas_.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading =Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading These divide into four classes.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The allegorical comedies, in which what is alluded to is as important as what is said, are _Endimion_, _Sapho and Phao_, and _Mydas_.

JustadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading =Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading For the last two companies, with whom acting became a profession, Lyly wrote his plays.

Lylynoun

English writer noted for his elaborate style (1554-1606)

From this reading For the last two companies, with whom acting became a profession, Lyly wrote his plays.

Lyly's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading =Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.

Mydas

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The allegorical comedies, in which what is alluded to is as important as what is said, are _Endimion_, _Sapho and Phao_, and _Mydas_.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading =Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.

oftenadverbUS /ˈɔːfən/

many times at short intervals

From this reading The boys of Westminster, Windsor, the Chapel Royal, and St. Paul's were often summoned to court.

Paul'snounUS /pɔːlz/

possessive form of “paul” — United States feminist (1885-1977)

From this reading The boys of Westminster, Windsor, the Chapel Royal, and St. Paul's were often summoned to court.

Phao

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The allegorical comedies, in which what is alluded to is as important as what is said, are _Endimion_, _Sapho and Phao_, and _Mydas_.

PlaysnounUS /pleɪz/

plural of “play” — a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage

From this reading =Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.

professionnounUS /prəˈfeʃən/

the body of people in a learned occupation

From this reading For the last two companies, with whom acting became a profession, Lyly wrote his plays.

publicnounUS /ˈpʌblɪk/

people in general considered as a whole

From this reading =Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.

QueennounUS /kwiːn/

the only fertile female in a colony of social insects such as bees and ants and termites; its function is to lay eggs

From this reading =Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.

RoyaladjectiveUS /ˈrɔɪəl/

of or relating to or indicative of or issued or performed by a king or queen or other monarch

From this reading The boys of Westminster, Windsor, the Chapel Royal, and St. Paul's were often summoned to court.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading The allegorical comedies, in which what is alluded to is as important as what is said, are _Endimion_, _Sapho and Phao_, and _Mydas_.

Sapho

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The allegorical comedies, in which what is alluded to is as important as what is said, are _Endimion_, _Sapho and Phao_, and _Mydas_.

St

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The boys of Westminster, Windsor, the Chapel Royal, and St. Paul's were often summoned to court.

SubdivisionnounUS /ˈsʌbdɪvɪʒən/

an area composed of subdivided lots

From this reading =Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.

summonedverbUS /ˈsʌmənd/

past form of “summon” — call in an official matter, such as to attend court

From this reading The boys of Westminster, Windsor, the Chapel Royal, and St. Paul's were often summoned to court.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading =Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading =Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.

ThesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading These divide into four classes.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The boys of Westminster, Windsor, the Chapel Royal, and St. Paul's were often summoned to court.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading For the last two companies, with whom acting became a profession, Lyly wrote his plays.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading =Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The boys of Westminster, Windsor, the Chapel Royal, and St. Paul's were often summoned to court.

WestminsternounUS /ˌwestˈmɪnstər/

a borough of Greater London on the Thames; contains Buckingham Palace and the Houses of Parliament and Westminster Abbey

From this reading The boys of Westminster, Windsor, the Chapel Royal, and St. Paul's were often summoned to court.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading The allegorical comedies, in which what is alluded to is as important as what is said, are _Endimion_, _Sapho and Phao_, and _Mydas_.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The allegorical comedies, in which what is alluded to is as important as what is said, are _Endimion_, _Sapho and Phao_, and _Mydas_.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading For the last two companies, with whom acting became a profession, Lyly wrote his plays.

WindsornounUS /ˈwɪnzər/

a city in southeastern Ontario on the Detroit River opposite Detroit

From this reading The boys of Westminster, Windsor, the Chapel Royal, and St. Paul's were often summoned to court.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading =Lyly's Plays: their Subdivision.=--Just before 1580 the acting of choir boys was in great favour with the Queen and, as a consequence, with the public.

wroteverbUS /roʊt/

inflected form of “write” — produce a literary work

From this reading For the last two companies, with whom acting became a profession, Lyly wrote his plays.

Chapter 18 of Representative English Comedies, V. 1. From the Beginnings to Shakespeare by Charles Mills [Editor] Gayley holds 393 sentences, grouped into 79 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 18 of Representative English Comedies, V. 1. From the Beginnings to contain?

Chapter 18 holds 393 sentences of Representative English Comedies, V. 1. From the Beginnings to Shakespeare, unabridged, divided into 79 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 18 of Representative English Comedies, V. 1. From the Beginnings to Shakespeare by Charles Mills [Editor] Gayley exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 393 sentences, grouped into 79 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 18 of Representative English Comedies, V. 1. From the Beginnings to?

Work through the 79 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 79 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 18 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 18 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Yes. All 15004 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #49710 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #49710, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 600 minutes of reading across 3001 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Representative English Comedies, V. 1. From the Beginnings to Shakespeare

Words and structures a reader meets early in Representative English Comedies, V. 1. From the Beginnings to Shakespeare, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Changes
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Representative English Comedies, V. 1. From the Beginnings to Shakespeare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Found
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Representative English Comedies, V. 1. From the Beginnings to Shakespeare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Charles
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Representative English Comedies, V. 1. From the Beginnings to Shakespeare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Mills
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Representative English Comedies, V. 1. From the Beginnings to Shakespeare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.