Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays
Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays is here in full — 454 sentences across 91 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays
Context Illustration Reading 1/90 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.
Reading became his sole employment.
He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.
I do not propose to refer to what he says about his university.
I hate giving pain, besides which there have been new statutes since 1752.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays is here in full — 454 sentences across 91 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/90 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.
/ˈɡɪbən wɑːz ˌhaʊˈevər bɔːrn friː ʌv ðə fer ˈbrʌðərhʊd məˈkɔːli soʊ ˌekˈskwɪzɪtli dɪˈskraɪbd ɪn hɪz ˈfeɪməs ˈpoʊəm ˈrɪtən ˈæftər ðə ˈedənbəroʊ ɪˈlekʃən/
Line 2
Reading became his sole employment.
/ˈriːdɪŋ bɪˈkeɪm hɪz soʊl emˈplɔɪmənt/
Line 3
He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.
Line 4
I do not propose to refer to what he says about his university.
/aɪ duː nɑːt prəˈpoʊz tuː rəˈfɜːr tuː wʌt hiː sez əˈbaʊt hɪz ˌjuːnəˈvɜːrsəti/
Line 5
I hate giving pain, besides which there have been new statutes since 1752.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

alphabet noun US /ˈælfəbet/

a character set that includes letters and is used to write a language

From this reading “He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.”

Autobiography noun US /ˌɔːtəbaɪˈɑːɡrəfi/

a biography of yourself

educations noun US /ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃənz/

plural of “education” — the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill

From this reading “He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.”

erudition noun US /ˌerəˈdɪʃən/

profound scholarly knowledge

From this reading “He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.”

fifteenth adjective US /fɪfˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the fourteenth and just before the sixteenth in position

From this reading “He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.”

Gibbon noun US /ˈɡɪbən/

English historian best known for his history of the Roman Empire (1737-1794)

From this reading “Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.”

Macaulay noun US /məˈkɔːli/

English historian noted for his history of England (1800-1859)

From this reading “Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.”

statutes noun US /ˈstætʃuːts/

plural of “statute” — an act passed by a legislative body

From this reading “I hate giving pain, besides which there have been new statutes since 1752.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

fifteenth year adjective + noun

In this reading “He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.”

arrived at verb + particle counted as “arrive at”

reach a destination, either real or abstract

In this reading “He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.”

giving pain noun + noun

In this reading “I hate giving pain, besides which there have been new statutes since 1752.”

any reason adjective + noun

In this reading “He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.”

says about verb + particle counted as “say about”

In this reading “I do not propose to refer to what he says about his university.”

there any adverb + adjective

In this reading “He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.”

All words in this reading · 95

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1752

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I hate giving pain, besides which there have been new statutes since 1752.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading I do not propose to refer to what he says about his university.

advantagesnounUS /ædˈvæntɪdʒɪz/

plural of “advantage” — the quality of having a superior or more favorable position

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

alphabetnounUS /ˈælfəbet/

a character set that includes letters and is used to write a language

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

arrivedverbUS /ərˈaɪvd/

past form of “arrive” — reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

ashamedadjectiveUS /əˈʃeɪmd/

feeling shame or guilt or embarrassment or remorse

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

AutobiographynounUS /ˌɔːtəbaɪˈɑːɡrəfi/

a biography of yourself

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

becameverbUS /bɪˈkeɪm/

inflected form of “become” — enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading Reading became his sole employment.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

besidesprepositionUS /bɪˈsaɪdz/

in addition to; as well as

From this reading I hate giving pain, besides which there have been new statutes since 1752.

bornadjectiveUS /bɔːrn/

brought into existence

From this reading Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.

brotherhoodnounUS /ˈbrʌðərhʊd/

the kinship relation between a male offspring and the siblings

From this reading Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.

celebratedadjectiveUS /ˈseləbreɪtɪd/

widely known and esteemed

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

degreenounUS /dɪˈɡriː/

a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

describedadjectiveUS /dɪˈskraɪbd/

represented in words especially with sharpness and detail

From this reading Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading I do not propose to refer to what he says about his university.

doctornounUS /ˈdɑːktər/

a licensed medical practitioner

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

EdinburghnounUS /ˈedənbəroʊ/

the capital of Scotland; located in the Lothian Region on the south side of the Firth of Forth

From this reading Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.

educationsnounUS /ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃənz/

plural of “education” — the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

electionnounUS /ɪˈlekʃən/

a vote to select the winner of a position or political office

From this reading Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.

employmentnounUS /emˈplɔɪmənt/

the state of being employed or having a job

From this reading Reading became his sole employment.

enjoyedverbUS /ˌenˈdʒɔɪd/

past form of “enjoy” — derive or receive pleasure from; get enjoyment from; take pleasure in

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

eruditionnounUS /ˌerəˈdɪʃən/

profound scholarly knowledge

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

examplenounUS /ɪɡˈzæmpəl/

an item of information that is typical of a class or group

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

exquisitelyadverbUS /ˌekˈskwɪzɪtli/

in a delicate manner

From this reading Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.

fairadjectiveUS /fer/

free from favoritism or self-interest or bias or deception; conforming with established standards or rules

From this reading Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.

famousadjectiveUS /ˈfeɪməs/

widely known and esteemed

From this reading Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.

fifteenthadjectiveUS /fɪfˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the fourteenth and just before the sixteenth in position

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

freeverbUS /friː/

grant freedom to; free from confinement

From this reading Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.

GibbonnounUS /ˈɡɪbən/

English historian best known for his history of the Roman Empire (1737-1794)

From this reading Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.

givingnounUS /ˈɡɪvɪŋ/

the act of giving

From this reading I hate giving pain, besides which there have been new statutes since 1752.

GreeknounUS /ɡriːk/

the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

hatenounUS /heɪt/

the emotion of intense dislike; a feeling of dislike so strong that it demands action

From this reading I hate giving pain, besides which there have been new statutes since 1752.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I do not propose to refer to what he says about his university.

ignorancenounUS /ˈɪɡnərəns/

the lack of knowledge or education

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.

irregularadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈreɡjələr/

contrary to rule or accepted order or general practice

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

knowverbUS /noʊ/

be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

MacaulaynounUS /məˈkɔːli/

English historian noted for his history of England (1800-1859)

From this reading Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.

matternounUS /ˈmætər/

a vaguely specified concern

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading I hate giving pain, besides which there have been new statutes since 1752.

norconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.

OxfordnounUS /ˈɑːksfərd/

a city in southern England to the northwest of London; site of Oxford University

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

painnounUS /peɪn/

a symptom of some physical hurt or disorder

From this reading I hate giving pain, besides which there have been new statutes since 1752.

poemnounUS /ˈpoʊəm/

a composition written in metrical feet forming rhythmical lines

From this reading Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.

proposeverbUS /prəˈpoʊz/

make a proposal, declare a plan for something

From this reading I do not propose to refer to what he says about his university.

puzzledadjectiveUS /ˈpʌzəld/

filled with bewilderment

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

ReadingnounUS /ˈriːdɪŋ/

the cognitive process of understanding a written linguistic message

From this reading Reading became his sole employment.

reasonnounUS /ˈriːzən/

a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

referverbUS /rəˈfɜːr/

make reference to

From this reading I do not propose to refer to what he says about his university.

saysnounUS /sez/

plural of “say” — the chance to speak

From this reading I do not propose to refer to what he says about his university.

schoolboynounUS /ˈskuːlbɔɪ/

a boy attending school

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading I hate giving pain, besides which there have been new statutes since 1752.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.

solenounUS /soʊl/

the underside of footwear or a golf club

From this reading Reading became his sole employment.

statutesnounUS /ˈstætʃuːts/

plural of “statute” — an act passed by a legislative body

From this reading I hate giving pain, besides which there have been new statutes since 1752.

stocknounUS /stɑːk/

the capital raised by a corporation through the issue of shares entitling holders to an ownership interest

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

supposeverbUS /səˈpoʊz/

express a supposition

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

taughtverbUS /tɔːt/

inflected form of “teach” — impart skills or knowledge to

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

universitynounUS /ˌjuːnəˈvɜːrsəti/

the body of faculty and students at a university

From this reading I do not propose to refer to what he says about his university.

usenounUS /juːs/

the act of using

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading I do not propose to refer to what he says about his university.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

wordnounUS /wɜːrd/

a unit of language that native speakers can identify

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

wordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

writtenadjectiveUS /ˈrɪtən/

set down in writing in any of various ways

From this reading Gibbon was, however, born free of the 'fair brotherhood' Macaulay so exquisitely described in his famous poem, written after the Edinburgh election.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading He enjoyed all the advantages of the most irregular of educations, and in his fifteenth year arrived at Oxford, to use his celebrated words, though for that matter almost every word in the _Autobiography_ is celebrated, with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy would have been ashamed--for example, he did not know the Greek alphabet, nor is there any reason to suppose that he would have been taught it at Oxford.

Chapter 2 of Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays by Augustine Birrell holds 454 sentences, grouped into 91 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays contain?

Chapter 2 holds 454 sentences of Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays, unabridged, divided into 91 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays by Augustine Birrell exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 454 sentences, grouped into 91 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays?

Work through the 91 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 91 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays

Common questions about reading Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays by Augustine Birrell on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays?

Yes. All 2628 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #37159 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #37159, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays take to read?

About 219 minutes of reading across 526 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays section by section

How to work through Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 6 chapters of Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays

Words and structures a reader meets early in Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Letters
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Authors
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Obiter
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Dicta--first
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Res Judicatæ: Papers and Essays; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.