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Robert Burns
Robert Burns

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Robert Burns is here in full — 457 sentences across 92 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/91 · 5 lines
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Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.
Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.
Each decade since he died has produced at least two biographies of him.
When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.
What it was in the man and in his circumstances that has attracted so much of the world's interest to Burns, I must make one more attempt to describe.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Robert Burns

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Robert Burns is here in full — 457 sentences across 92 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/91 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.
/ɡreɪt men ɡreɪt ɪˈvents ɡreɪt ˈepəks ɪt hæz bɪn sed ɡroʊ æz wiː rɪˈsiːd frʌm ðem ənd ðə reɪt æt wɪtʃ ðeɪ ɡroʊ ɪn ðə ˌestəˈmeɪʃən ʌv men ɪz ɪn sʌm sɔːrt ə ˈmeʒər ʌv ðer ˈɡreɪtnəs/
Line 2
Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.
/traɪd baɪ ðɪs ˈstændərd bɜːrnz mʌst biː ɡreɪt ˌɪnˈdiːd fɔːr ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈeɪti jɪrz ðæt hæv pæst sɪns hɪz deθ menz ˈɪntrəst ɪn ðə mæn hɪmˈself ənd ðer ˈestəmət ʌv hɪz ˈdʒiːnjəs hæv bɪn ˈstedəli ˌɪnˈkriːsɪŋ/
Line 3
Each decade since he died has produced at least two biographies of him.
/iːtʃ deˈkeɪd sɪns hiː daɪd hæz prəˈduːst æt liːst tuː baɪˈɑːɡrəfiz ʌv hɪm/
Line 4
When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.
Line 5
What it was in the man and in his circumstances that has attracted so much of the world's interest to Burns, I must make one more attempt to describe.
/wʌt ɪt wɑːz ɪn ðə mæn ənd ɪn hɪz ˈsɜːrkəmstænsəz ðæt hæz əˈtræktɪd soʊ mʌtʃ ʌv ðə wɜːrldz ˈɪntrəst tuː bɜːrnz aɪ mʌst meɪk wʌn mɔːr əˈtempt tuː dɪˈskraɪb/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

biographies noun US /baɪˈɑːɡrəfiz/

plural of “biography” — an account of the series of events making up a person's life

From this reading “Each decade since he died has produced at least two biographies of him.”

Carlyle noun US /ˈkɑːrlaɪl/

Scottish historian who wrote about the French Revolution (1795-1881)

From this reading “When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.”

decade noun US /deˈkeɪd/

a period of 10 years

From this reading “Each decade since he died has produced at least two biographies of him.”

epochs noun US /ˈepəks/

plural of “epoch” — a period marked by distinctive character or reckoned from a fixed point or event

From this reading “Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.”

essay noun US /eˈseɪ/

an analytic or interpretive literary composition

From this reading “When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.”

estimate noun US /ˈestəmət/

an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth

From this reading “Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.”

estimation noun US /ˌestəˈmeɪʃən/

a document appraising the value of something (as for insurance or taxation)

From this reading “Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.”

recede verb US /rɪˈsiːd/

pull back or move away or backward

From this reading “Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.”

All words in this reading · 104

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1828

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

addedverbUS /ˈædəd/

past form of “add” — make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

alreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

attemptnounUS /əˈtempt/

earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading What it was in the man and in his circumstances that has attracted so much of the world's interest to Burns, I must make one more attempt to describe.

attractedverbUS /əˈtræktɪd/

past form of “attract” — direct toward itself or oneself by means of some psychological power or physical attributes

From this reading What it was in the man and in his circumstances that has attracted so much of the world's interest to Burns, I must make one more attempt to describe.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

biographiesnounUS /baɪˈɑːɡrəfiz/

plural of “biography” — an account of the series of events making up a person's life

From this reading Each decade since he died has produced at least two biographies of him.

BurnsnounUS /bɜːrnz/

United States comedian and film actor (1896-1996)

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

CarlylenounUS /ˈkɑːrlaɪl/

Scottish historian who wrote about the French Revolution (1795-1881)

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

circumstancesnounUS /ˈsɜːrkəmstænsəz/

your overall circumstances or condition in life (including everything that happens to you)

From this reading What it was in the man and in his circumstances that has attracted so much of the world's interest to Burns, I must make one more attempt to describe.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

deathnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

decadenounUS /deˈkeɪd/

a period of 10 years

From this reading Each decade since he died has produced at least two biographies of him.

describeverbUS /dɪˈskraɪb/

give a description of

From this reading What it was in the man and in his circumstances that has attracted so much of the world's interest to Burns, I must make one more attempt to describe.

diedverbUS /daɪd/

past form of “die” — pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life

From this reading Each decade since he died has produced at least two biographies of him.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

EachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading Each decade since he died has produced at least two biographies of him.

eightyadjectiveUS /ˈeɪti/

being ten more than seventy

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

epochsnounUS /ˈepəks/

plural of “epoch” — a period marked by distinctive character or reckoned from a fixed point or event

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

essaynounUS /eˈseɪ/

an analytic or interpretive literary composition

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

estimatenounUS /ˈestəmət/

an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

estimationnounUS /ˌestəˈmeɪʃən/

a document appraising the value of something (as for insurance or taxation)

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

eventsnounUS /ɪˈvents/

plural of “event” — something that happens at a given place and time

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

geniusnounUS /ˈdʒiːnjəs/

someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

GreatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

greatnessnounUS /ˈɡreɪtnəs/

the property possessed by something or someone of outstanding importance or eminence

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

growverbUS /ɡroʊ/

pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Each decade since he died has produced at least two biographies of him.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Each decade since he died has produced at least two biographies of him.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading What it was in the man and in his circumstances that has attracted so much of the world's interest to Burns, I must make one more attempt to describe.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

increasingadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈkriːsɪŋ/

becoming greater or larger

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

indeedadverbUS /ˌɪnˈdiːd/

in truth (often tends to intensify)

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

interestnounUS /ˈɪntrəst/

a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

intervalnounUS /ˈɪntərvəl/

a definite length of time marked off by two instants

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading Each decade since he died has produced at least two biographies of him.

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading What it was in the man and in his circumstances that has attracted so much of the world's interest to Burns, I must make one more attempt to describe.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

measurenounUS /ˈmeʒər/

any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

men'snounUS /menz/

a public toilet for men

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading What it was in the man and in his circumstances that has attracted so much of the world's interest to Burns, I must make one more attempt to describe.

MrnounUS /ˈmɪstər/

a form of address for a man

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading What it was in the man and in his circumstances that has attracted so much of the world's interest to Burns, I must make one more attempt to describe.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

numbernounUS /ˈnʌmbər/

the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading What it was in the man and in his circumstances that has attracted so much of the world's interest to Burns, I must make one more attempt to describe.

passedverbUS /pæst/

past form of “pass” — go across or through

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

PoetnounUS /ˈpoʊət/

a writer of poems (the term is usually reserved for writers of good poetry)

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

previousadjectiveUS /ˈpriːviəs/

just preceding something else in time or order

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

producedverbUS /prəˈduːst/

past form of “produce” — bring forth or yield

From this reading Each decade since he died has produced at least two biographies of him.

proportionnounUS /prəˈpɔːrʃən/

the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

ratenounUS /reɪt/

a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

recedeverbUS /rɪˈsiːd/

pull back or move away or backward

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

sixnounUS /sɪks/

the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading What it was in the man and in his circumstances that has attracted so much of the world's interest to Burns, I must make one more attempt to describe.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

sortnounUS /sɔːrt/

a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

standardadjectiveUS /ˈstændərd/

conforming to or constituting a standard of measurement or value; or of the usual or regularized or accepted kind

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

steadilyadverbUS /ˈstedəli/

at a steady rate or pace

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

thirtynounUS /ˈθɜːrdiː/

the cardinal number that is the product of ten and three

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

TriedadjectiveUS /traɪd/

tested and proved useful or correct

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Each decade since he died has produced at least two biographies of him.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading What it was in the man and in his circumstances that has attracted so much of the world's interest to Burns, I must make one more attempt to describe.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

well-knownadjectiveUS /ˈwelˈnoʊn/

widely or fully known

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

WhatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading What it was in the man and in his circumstances that has attracted so much of the world's interest to Burns, I must make one more attempt to describe.

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been said, grow as we recede from them; and the rate at which they grow in the estimation of men is in some sort a measure of their greatness.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

world'snounUS /wɜːrldz/

possessive form of “world” — everything that exists anywhere

From this reading What it was in the man and in his circumstances that has attracted so much of the world's interest to Burns, I must make one more attempt to describe.

wroteverbUS /roʊt/

inflected form of “write” — produce a literary work

From this reading When Mr. Carlyle wrote his well-known essay on Burns in 1828, he could already number six biographies of the Poet, which had been given to the world during the previous thirty years; and the interval between 1828 and the present day has added, in at least the same proportion, to their number.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading Tried by this standard, Burns must be great indeed, for during the eighty years that have passed since his death, men's interest in the man himself and their estimate of his genius have been steadily increasing.

Chapter 1 of Robert Burns by John Campbell Shairp holds 457 sentences, grouped into 92 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Robert Burns contain?

Chapter 1 holds 457 sentences of Robert Burns, unabridged, divided into 92 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Robert Burns by John Campbell Shairp exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 457 sentences, grouped into 92 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Robert Burns?

Work through the 92 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 92 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Robert Burns

Common questions about reading Robert Burns by John Campbell Shairp on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Robert Burns?

Yes. All 2565 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #21330 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Robert Burns is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #21330, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Robert Burns take to read?

About 213 minutes of reading across 513 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Robert Burns section by section

How to work through Robert Burns section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 8 chapters of Robert Burns to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Robert Burns

Words and structures a reader meets early in Robert Burns, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Great
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Robert Burns; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Events
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Robert Burns; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Epochs
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Robert Burns; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Recede
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Robert Burns; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.