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Robert Burns
Robert Burns

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Robert Burns is here in full — 437 sentences across 88 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Robert Burns
Context Illustration Reading 1/87 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
CHARACTER, POEMS, SONGS.
If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.
The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.
Those who wish to see a comment on his character, at once wise and tender, should turn to Mr. Carlyle's famous essay on Burns.
What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Robert Burns

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Robert Burns is here in full — 437 sentences across 88 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/87 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
CHARACTER, POEMS, SONGS.
/ˈkerɪktər ˈpoʊəmz sɔːŋz/
Line 2
If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.
/ɪf ðɪs ˈnærətɪv hæz ɪn ˈeni weɪ səkˈsiːdɪd ɪn ˈɡɪvɪŋ ðə laɪts ənd ðə ˈʃædoʊz ʌv ˈbɜːrnzɪz laɪf ˈlɪtəl ˈkɑːment niːd naʊ biː ˈædəd/
Line 3
The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.
/ðə ˈriːdər wɪl ɪt ɪz hoʊpt ˈɡæðər frʌm ðə briːf rəˈkɔːrd ʌv fækts hiːr priˈzentɪd ə ˈbetər ˌɪmˈpreʃən ʌv ðə mæn æz hiː wɑːz ɪn hɪz streŋkθ ənd ɪn hɪz ˈwiːknəs ðæn frʌm ˈeni əˈtempt wɪtʃ maɪt hæv bɪn meɪd tuː brɪŋ hɪz ˈveriəs ˈkwɑːlətiz təˈɡeðər ˈɪntuː ə ˈmɔːrəl ˈpɔːrtrət/
Line 4
Those who wish to see a comment on his character, at once wise and tender, should turn to Mr. Carlyle's famous essay on Burns.
/ðoʊz huː wɪʃ tuː siː ə ˈkɑːment ɑːn hɪz ˈkerɪktər æt wʌns waɪz ənd ˈtendər ʃʊd tɜːrn tuː ˈmɪstər kɑːrˈlaɪlz ˈfeɪməs eˈseɪ ɑːn bɜːrnz/
Line 5
What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Burns noun US /bɜːrnz/

United States comedian and film actor (1896-1996)

From this reading “If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.”

Burns's noun US /ˈbɜːrnzɪz/

possessive form of “burns” — United States comedian and film actor (1896-1996)

From this reading “If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.”

Carlyle's noun US /kɑːrˈlaɪlz/

possessive form of “carlyle” — Scottish historian who wrote about the French Revolution (1795-1881)

From this reading “Those who wish to see a comment on his character, at once wise and tender, should turn to Mr. Carlyle's famous essay on Burns.”

comment noun US /ˈkɑːment/

a statement that expresses a personal opinion or belief or adds information

From this reading “If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.”

essay noun US /eˈseɪ/

an analytic or interpretive literary composition

From this reading “Those who wish to see a comment on his character, at once wise and tender, should turn to Mr. Carlyle's famous essay on Burns.”

estimate noun US /ˈestəmət/

an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth

From this reading “What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.”

temperament noun US /ˈtemprəmənt/

your usual mood

From this reading “What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.”

variously adverb US /ˈveriəsli/

in diverse ways

From this reading “What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.”

All words in this reading · 97

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

accordingadjectiveUS /əˈkɔːrdɪŋ/

(followed by “to”) in agreement with or accordant with

From this reading What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.

addedverbUS /ˈædəd/

past form of “add” — make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of

From this reading If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.

answeredverbUS /ˈænsərd/

past form of “answer” — react verbally

From this reading What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

askedverbUS /æskt/

past form of “ask” — make a request or demand for something to somebody

From this reading What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Those who wish to see a comment on his character, at once wise and tender, should turn to Mr. Carlyle's famous essay on Burns.

attemptnounUS /əˈtempt/

earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

betteradjectiveUS /ˈbetər/

(comparative of “good”) superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

briefadjectiveUS /briːf/

of short duration or distance

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

bringverbUS /brɪŋ/

take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

BurnsnounUS /bɜːrnz/

United States comedian and film actor (1896-1996)

From this reading Those who wish to see a comment on his character, at once wise and tender, should turn to Mr. Carlyle's famous essay on Burns.

Burns'snounUS /ˈbɜːrnzɪz/

possessive form of “burns” — United States comedian and film actor (1896-1996)

From this reading If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.

Carlyle'snounUS /kɑːrˈlaɪlz/

possessive form of “carlyle” — Scottish historian who wrote about the French Revolution (1795-1881)

From this reading Those who wish to see a comment on his character, at once wise and tender, should turn to Mr. Carlyle's famous essay on Burns.

CHARACTERnounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading CHARACTER, POEMS, SONGS.

commentnounUS /ˈkɑːment/

a statement that expresses a personal opinion or belief or adds information

From this reading If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.

essaynounUS /eˈseɪ/

an analytic or interpretive literary composition

From this reading Those who wish to see a comment on his character, at once wise and tender, should turn to Mr. Carlyle's famous essay on Burns.

estimatenounUS /ˈestəmət/

an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth

From this reading What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.

factsnounUS /fækts/

plural of “fact” — a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

famousadjectiveUS /ˈfeɪməs/

widely known and esteemed

From this reading Those who wish to see a comment on his character, at once wise and tender, should turn to Mr. Carlyle's famous essay on Burns.

formedadjectiveUS /fɔːrmd/

having or given a form or shape

From this reading What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

gatherverbUS /ˈɡæðər/

assemble or get together

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

givingnounUS /ˈɡɪvɪŋ/

the act of giving

From this reading If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

hereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

holdverbUS /hoʊld/

cause to continue in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., “keep clean”

From this reading What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.

hopedverbUS /hoʊpt/

past form of “hope” — expect and wish

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

IfconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.

impressionnounUS /ˌɪmˈpreʃən/

a vague idea in which some confidence is placed

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.

lightsnounUS /laɪts/

plural of “light” — (physics) electromagnetic radiation that can produce a visual sensation

From this reading If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

moraladjectiveUS /ˈmɔːrəl/

concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming to standards of behavior and character based on those principles

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

MrnounUS /ˈmɪstər/

a form of address for a man

From this reading Those who wish to see a comment on his character, at once wise and tender, should turn to Mr. Carlyle's famous essay on Burns.

narrativenounUS /ˈnærətɪv/

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.

neednounUS /niːd/

a condition requiring relief

From this reading If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Those who wish to see a comment on his character, at once wise and tender, should turn to Mr. Carlyle's famous essay on Burns.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading Those who wish to see a comment on his character, at once wise and tender, should turn to Mr. Carlyle's famous essay on Burns.

POEMSnounUS /ˈpoʊəmz/

plural of “poem” — a composition written in metrical feet forming rhythmical lines

From this reading CHARACTER, POEMS, SONGS.

poetnounUS /ˈpoʊət/

a writer of poems (the term is usually reserved for writers of good poetry)

From this reading What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.

portraitnounUS /ˈpɔːrtrət/

a word picture of a person's appearance and character

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

presentedverbUS /priˈzentɪd/

past form of “present” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

principlesnounUS /ˈprɪnsəpəlz/

plural of “principle” — a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct

From this reading What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.

qualitiesnounUS /ˈkwɑːlətiz/

plural of “quality” — an essential and distinguishing attribute of something or someone

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

questionverbUS /ˈkwestʃən/

challenge the accuracy, probity, or propriety of

From this reading What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.

readernounUS /ˈriːdər/

a person who enjoys reading

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

recordnounUS /rəˈkɔːrd/

anything (such as a document or a phonograph record or a photograph) providing permanent evidence of or information about past events

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading Those who wish to see a comment on his character, at once wise and tender, should turn to Mr. Carlyle's famous essay on Burns.

shadowsnounUS /ˈʃædoʊz/

plural of “shadow” — shade within clear boundaries

From this reading If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading Those who wish to see a comment on his character, at once wise and tender, should turn to Mr. Carlyle's famous essay on Burns.

SONGSnounUS /sɔːŋz/

plural of “song” — a short musical composition with words

From this reading CHARACTER, POEMS, SONGS.

strengthnounUS /streŋkθ/

the property of being physically or mentally strong

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

succeededverbUS /səkˈsiːdɪd/

past form of “succeed” — attain success or reach a desired goal

From this reading If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.

temperamentnounUS /ˈtemprəmənt/

your usual mood

From this reading What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.

tenderadjectiveUS /ˈtendər/

given to sympathy or gentleness or sentimentality

From this reading Those who wish to see a comment on his character, at once wise and tender, should turn to Mr. Carlyle's famous essay on Burns.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.

ThosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading Those who wish to see a comment on his character, at once wise and tender, should turn to Mr. Carlyle's famous essay on Burns.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

togetheradverbUS /təˈɡeðər/

in contact with each other or in proximity

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

turnverbUS /tɜːrn/

change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense

From this reading Those who wish to see a comment on his character, at once wise and tender, should turn to Mr. Carlyle's famous essay on Burns.

variousadjectiveUS /ˈveriəs/

of many different kinds purposefully arranged but lacking any uniformity

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

variouslyadverbUS /ˈveriəsli/

in diverse ways

From this reading What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading If this narrative has in any way succeeded in giving the lights and the shadows of Burns's life, little comment need now be added.

weaknessnounUS /ˈwiːknəs/

a flaw or weak point

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

WhatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading What estimate is to be formed of Burns--not as a poet, but as a man--is a question that will long be asked, and will be variously answered, according to the principles men hold, and the temperament they are of.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Those who wish to see a comment on his character, at once wise and tender, should turn to Mr. Carlyle's famous essay on Burns.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading The reader will, it is hoped, gather from the brief record of facts here presented, a better impression of the man as he was, in his strength and in his weakness, than from any attempt which might have been made to bring his various qualities together into a moral portrait.

wiseadjectiveUS /waɪz/

having or prompted by wisdom or discernment

From this reading Those who wish to see a comment on his character, at once wise and tender, should turn to Mr. Carlyle's famous essay on Burns.

wishverbUS /wɪʃ/

hope for; have a wish

From this reading Those who wish to see a comment on his character, at once wise and tender, should turn to Mr. Carlyle's famous essay on Burns.

Chapter 8 of Robert Burns by John Campbell Shairp holds 437 sentences, grouped into 88 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Robert Burns contain?

Chapter 8 holds 437 sentences of Robert Burns, unabridged, divided into 88 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Robert Burns by John Campbell Shairp exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 437 sentences, grouped into 88 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Robert Burns?

Work through the 88 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 88 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Robert Burns

Common questions about reading Robert Burns by John Campbell Shairp on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Robert Burns?

Yes. All 2565 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #21330 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Robert Burns is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #21330, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Robert Burns take to read?

About 213 minutes of reading across 513 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Robert Burns section by section

How to work through Robert Burns section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 8 chapters of Robert Burns to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Robert Burns

Words and structures a reader meets early in Robert Burns, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Great
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Robert Burns; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Events
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Robert Burns; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Epochs
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Robert Burns; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Recede
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Robert Burns; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.