Chapter I

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading No less than three members of the Astorian expedition[1] published personal narratives, each of them a work of much merit.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _The Editor_ 9 ADVENTURES OF THE FIRST SETTLERS ON THE OREGON OR COLUMBIA RIVER: being a Narrative of the Expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the “Pacific Fur Company;” with an account of the Indian Tribes on the Coast of the Pacific.

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

plural of “aborigine” — an indigenous person who was born in a particular place

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

a record or narrative description of past events

From this reading _The Editor_ 9 ADVENTURES OF THE FIRST SETTLERS ON THE OREGON OR COLUMBIA RIVER: being a Narrative of the Expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the “Pacific Fur Company;” with an account of the Indian Tribes on the Coast of the Pacific.

take a risk in the hope of a favorable outcome

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

plural of “adventurer” — a person who enjoys taking risks

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

plural of “adventure” — a wild and exciting undertaking (not necessarily lawful)

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

European herb somewhat resembling celery widely naturalized in Britain coastal regions and often cultivated as a potherb

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

related by common characteristics or ancestry

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading _The Editor_ 9 ADVENTURES OF THE FIRST SETTLERS ON THE OREGON OR COLUMBIA RIVER: being a Narrative of the Expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the “Pacific Fur Company;” with an account of the Indian Tribes on the Coast of the Pacific.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

past form of “annotate” — add explanatory notes to or supply with critical comments

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

supplementary material that is collected and appended at the back of a book

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

elected vice president and became 21st President of the United States when Garfield was assassinated (1830-1886)

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

British politician (born in the United States) who was the first woman to sit in the British House of Commons (1879-1964)

From this reading _The Editor_ 9 ADVENTURES OF THE FIRST SETTLERS ON THE OREGON OR COLUMBIA RIVER: being a Narrative of the Expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the “Pacific Fur Company;” with an account of the Indian Tribes on the Coast of the Pacific.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading No less than three members of the Astorian expedition[1] published personal narratives, each of them a work of much merit.

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

possessive form of “author” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

as the agent of or on someone's part (usually expressed as “on behalf of” rather than “in behalf of”)

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading _The Editor_ 9 ADVENTURES OF THE FIRST SETTLERS ON THE OREGON OR COLUMBIA RIVER: being a Narrative of the Expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the “Pacific Fur Company;” with an account of the Indian Tribes on the Coast of the Pacific.

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

a line that indicates a boundary

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

of or relating to Canada or its people

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

a warm dry wind blowing down the eastern slopes of the Rockies

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

plural of “chronicle” — a record or narrative description of past events

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

United States explorer who (with Meriwether Lewis) led an expedition from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River; Clark was responsible for making maps of the area (1770-1838)

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

an employee who performs clerical work (e.g., keeps records or accounts)

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

the largest city in Ohio; located in northeastern Ohio on Lake Erie; a major Great Lakes port

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

the shore of a sea or ocean

From this reading _The Editor_ 9 ADVENTURES OF THE FIRST SETTLERS ON THE OREGON OR COLUMBIA RIVER: being a Narrative of the Expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the “Pacific Fur Company;” with an account of the Indian Tribes on the Coast of the Pacific.

plural of “collection” — several things grouped together or considered as a whole

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

settle as a colony; of countries in the developing world

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

a North American river; rises in southwestern Canada and flows southward across Washington to form the border between Washington and Oregon before emptying into the Pacific; known for its salmon runs in the spring

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

an institution created to conduct business

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

the prevailing context that influences the performance or the outcome of a process

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

characteristic of the present

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

(usually plural) everything that is included in a collection and that is held or included in something

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

a fat-soluble vitamin that prevents rickets

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

serving to describe or inform or characterized by description

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

the act of discovering something

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

plural of “document” — writing that provides information (especially information of an official nature)

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading No less than three members of the Astorian expedition[1] published personal narratives, each of them a work of much merit.

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

of or relating to an economy, the system of production and management of material wealth

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

improved or corrected by critical editing

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

the form in which a text (especially a printed book) is published

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

a person responsible for the editorial aspects of publication; the person who determines the final content of a text (especially of a newspaper or magazine)

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

set up or found

From this reading _The Editor_ 9 ADVENTURES OF THE FIRST SETTLERS ON THE OREGON OR COLUMBIA RIVER: being a Narrative of the Expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the “Pacific Fur Company;” with an account of the Indian Tribes on the Coast of the Pacific.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

a military campaign designed to achieve a specific objective in a foreign country

From this reading _The Editor_ 9 ADVENTURES OF THE FIRST SETTLERS ON THE OREGON OR COLUMBIA RIVER: being a Narrative of the Expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the “Pacific Fur Company;” with an account of the Indian Tribes on the Coast of the Pacific.

an exact copy or reproduction

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

being the right size and shape to fit as desired

From this reading _The Editor_ 9 ADVENTURES OF THE FIRST SETTLERS ON THE OREGON OR COLUMBIA RIVER: being a Narrative of the Expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the “Pacific Fur Company;” with an account of the Indian Tribes on the Coast of the Pacific.

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

the dressed hairy coat of a mammal

From this reading _The Editor_ 9 ADVENTURES OF THE FIRST SETTLERS ON THE OREGON OR COLUMBIA RIVER: being a Narrative of the Expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the “Pacific Fur Company;” with an account of the Indian Tribes on the Coast of the Pacific.

(Bible) the archangel who was the messenger of God

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

coins made of gold

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

a nonmetallic univalent element that is normally a colorless and odorless highly flammable diatomic gas; the simplest and lightest and most abundant element in the universe

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

of or relating to the study of history

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

plural of “illustration” — artwork that helps make something clear or attractive

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

a numerical scale used to compare variables with one another or with some reference number

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

of or relating to or characteristic of India or the East Indies or their peoples or languages or cultures

From this reading _The Editor_ 9 ADVENTURES OF THE FIRST SETTLERS ON THE OREGON OR COLUMBIA RIVER: being a Narrative of the Expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the “Pacific Fur Company;” with an account of the Indian Tribes on the Coast of the Pacific.

plural of “introduction” — the act of beginning something new

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

French biochemist who (with Jacques Monod) studied regulatory processes in cells (born in 1920)

From this reading _The Editor_ 9 ADVENTURES OF THE FIRST SETTLERS ON THE OREGON OR COLUMBIA RIVER: being a Narrative of the Expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the “Pacific Fur Company;” with an account of the Indian Tribes on the Coast of the Pacific.

a member of the Jesuit order

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

a room or building equipped with one or more toilets

From this reading _The Editor_ 9 ADVENTURES OF THE FIRST SETTLERS ON THE OREGON OR COLUMBIA RIVER: being a Narrative of the Expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the “Pacific Fur Company;” with an account of the Indian Tribes on the Coast of the Pacific.

the month following June and preceding August

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading No less than three members of the Astorian expedition[1] published personal narratives, each of them a work of much merit.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

make a map of; show or establish the features of details of

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

march in a procession

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

plural of “member” — one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization)

From this reading No less than three members of the Astorian expedition[1] published personal narratives, each of them a work of much merit.

any admirable quality or attribute

From this reading No less than three members of the Astorian expedition[1] published personal narratives, each of them a work of much merit.

an area that is approximately central within some larger region

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

the opening through which food is taken in and vocalizations emerge

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

to a great degree or extent

From this reading No less than three members of the Astorian expedition[1] published personal narratives, each of them a work of much merit.

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading _The Editor_ 9 ADVENTURES OF THE FIRST SETTLERS ON THE OREGON OR COLUMBIA RIVER: being a Narrative of the Expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the “Pacific Fur Company;” with an account of the Indian Tribes on the Coast of the Pacific.

plural of “narrative” — a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading No less than three members of the Astorian expedition[1] published personal narratives, each of them a work of much merit.

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

not any; not one

From this reading No less than three members of the Astorian expedition[1] published personal narratives, each of them a work of much merit.

to, toward, or in the northwest

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

widely known and esteemed

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

plural of “note” — a brief written record

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

held or filled or in use

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

a midwestern state in north central United States in the Great Lakes region

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

a state in northwestern United States on the Pacific

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

preceding all others in time or being as first made or performed

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading _The Editor_ 9 ADVENTURES OF THE FIRST SETTLERS ON THE OREGON OR COLUMBIA RIVER: being a Narrative of the Expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the “Pacific Fur Company;” with an account of the Indian Tribes on the Coast of the Pacific.

the largest ocean in the world

From this reading _The Editor_ 9 ADVENTURES OF THE FIRST SETTLERS ON THE OREGON OR COLUMBIA RIVER: being a Narrative of the Expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the “Pacific Fur Company;” with an account of the Indian Tribes on the Coast of the Pacific.

plural of “particular” — a fact about some part (as opposed to general)

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

an amount of time

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality

From this reading No less than three members of the Astorian expedition[1] published personal narratives, each of them a work of much merit.

a short introductory essay preceding the text of a book

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

prepared and printed for distribution and sale

From this reading No less than three members of the Astorian expedition[1] published personal narratives, each of them a work of much merit.

superlative of “rare” — not widely known; especially valued for its uncommonness

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

mutual dealings or connections or communications among persons or groups

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

a publication (such as a book) that is reprinted without changes or editing and offered again for sale

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

plural of “reprint” — a publication (such as a book) that is reprinted without changes or editing and offered again for sale

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

(Old Testment) a son of Jacob and forefather of one of the tribes of Israel

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

Scottish explorer who led Arctic expeditions that yielded geographic discoveries while searching for the Northwest Passage (1777-1856)

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

possessive form of “ross” — Scottish explorer who led Arctic expeditions that yielded geographic discoveries while searching for the Northwest Passage (1777-1856)

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

similar things placed in order or happening one after another

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

plural of “settler” — a person who settles in a new colony or moves into new country

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

relating to human society and its members

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

the place where something begins, where it springs into being

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

plural of “state” — the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

a detailed critical inspection

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

plural of “supplement” — textual matter that is added onto a publication; usually at the end

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

a set of data arranged in rows and columns

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

the words of something written

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading No less than three members of the Astorian expedition[1] published personal narratives, each of them a work of much merit.

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading No less than three members of the Astorian expedition[1] published personal narratives, each of them a work of much merit.

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading No less than three members of the Astorian expedition[1] published personal narratives, each of them a work of much merit.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

up to a particular time

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading _The Editor_ 9 ADVENTURES OF THE FIRST SETTLERS ON THE OREGON OR COLUMBIA RIVER: being a Narrative of the Expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the “Pacific Fur Company;” with an account of the Indian Tribes on the Coast of the Pacific.

change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

plural of “travel” — the act of going from one place to another

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

plural of “tribe” — a social division of (usually preliterate) people

From this reading _The Editor_ 9 ADVENTURES OF THE FIRST SETTLERS ON THE OREGON OR COLUMBIA RIVER: being a Narrative of the Expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the “Pacific Fur Company;” with an account of the Indian Tribes on the Coast of the Pacific.

characterized by unity; being or joined into a single entity

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

the cardinal number that is the sum of six and one

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

a listing of the words used in some enterprise

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

the amount of 3-dimensional space occupied by an object

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

plural of “volume” — the amount of 3-dimensional space occupied by an object

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

the atmospheric conditions that comprise the state of the atmosphere in terms of temperature and wind and clouds and precipitation

From this reading _Alexander Ross_, one of the Adventurers Author’s Preface 21 Author’s Table of Contents 23 Text 33 Appendix Chinook Vocabulary 321 A Table of the Weather at the Mouth of the Columbia River, from March 22nd till July 22nd, 1811 330 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME VII Map of the Columbia 18 Facsimile of original title-page 19 PREFACE TO VOLUME VII The present volume is occupied by the reprint, from the original London edition of 1849, of Alexander Ross’s _Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River_ from 1810–13.

the countries of (originally) Europe and (now including) North America and South America

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

relating to or characteristic of the western parts of the world or the West as opposed to the eastern or oriental parts

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

belonging to which person

From this reading As a source for the study of this first attempt in behalf of the United States to colonize the North-west Coast, the account of Ross supplements in many particulars that of Gabriel Franchère, the French Canadian clerk whose notable tale of adventure is published in volume vi of our series.

a tributary of the Mississippi River in Wisconsin

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

in the company of; together with

From this reading Early Western Travels 1748–1846 A Series of Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement Edited with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Editor of “The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,” “Wisconsin Historical Collections,” “Chronicles of Border Warfare,” “Hennepin’s New Discovery,” etc. Ross’s Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810–1813 Cleveland, Ohio The Arthur H. Clark Company PREFACE.

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading No less than three members of the Astorian expedition[1] published personal narratives, each of them a work of much merit.