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Roughing It, Part 1.
Roughing It, Part 1.

Chapter VI

Cover illustration for Roughing It, Part 1.
Context Illustration Reading 1/14 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Our new conductor (just shipped) had been without sleep for twenty hours.
Such a thing was very frequent.
From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.
This was to make fair allowance for winter storms and snows, and other unavoidable causes of detention.
The stage company had everything under strict discipline and good system.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Roughing It, Part 1.

Chapter VI

Reading 1/14 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Our new conductor (just shipped) had been without sleep for twenty hours.
Line 2
Such a thing was very frequent.
Line 3
From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.
Line 4
This was to make fair allowance for winter storms and snows, and other unavoidable causes of detention.
Line 5
The stage company had everything under strict discipline and good system.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Been auxiliary verb US /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading “Our new conductor (just shipped) had been without sleep for twenty hours.”

Everything pronoun US /ˈevriθɪŋ/

all things; all of a situation

From this reading “The stage company had everything under strict discipline and good system.”

Fair noun US /fair/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “This was to make fair allowance for winter storms and snows, and other unavoidable causes of detention.”

Good noun US /good/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The stage company had everything under strict discipline and good system.”

Half noun US /half/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.”

Make noun US /make/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “This was to make fair allowance for winter storms and snows, and other unavoidable causes of detention.”

Nineteen noun US /ˈnineteen/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.”

Remember verb US /rɪˈmɛm.bər/

To recall to mind.

From this reading “From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.”

Required noun US /required/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.”

Thing noun US /thing/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Such a thing was very frequent.”

Time noun US /time/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.”

Under preposition US /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading “The stage company had everything under strict discipline and good system.”

Without preposition US /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading “Our new conductor (just shipped) had been without sleep for twenty hours.”

All words in this reading · 78

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Such a thing was very frequent.

allowance

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This was to make fair allowance for winter storms and snows, and other unavoidable causes of detention.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Our new conductor (just shipped) had been without sleep for twenty hours.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

California

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

cars

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

causes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This was to make fair allowance for winter storms and snows, and other unavoidable causes of detention.

company

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The stage company had everything under strict discipline and good system.

conductor

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our new conductor (just shipped) had been without sleep for twenty hours.

contracts

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

days

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

detention

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This was to make fair allowance for winter storms and snows, and other unavoidable causes of detention.

discipline

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The stage company had everything under strict discipline and good system.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

eighteen

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

everythingpronounUS /ˈevriθɪŋ/

all things; all of a situation

From this reading The stage company had everything under strict discipline and good system.

fairnounUS /fair/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading This was to make fair allowance for winter storms and snows, and other unavoidable causes of detention.

fifteen

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Our new conductor (just shipped) had been without sleep for twenty hours.

four

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

frequent

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Such a thing was very frequent.

FromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

goodnounUS /good/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The stage company had everything under strict discipline and good system.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Our new conductor (just shipped) had been without sleep for twenty hours.

halfnounUS /half/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

hours

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our new conductor (just shipped) had been without sleep for twenty hours.

hundred

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

Joseph

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

just

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our new conductor (just shipped) had been without sleep for twenty hours.

made

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

mail

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

makenounUS /make/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading This was to make fair allowance for winter storms and snows, and other unavoidable causes of detention.

miles

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

Missouri

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

nearly

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

new

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our new conductor (just shipped) had been without sleep for twenty hours.

nineteennounUS /ˈnineteen/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

now

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading This was to make fair allowance for winter storms and snows, and other unavoidable causes of detention.

often

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

other

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This was to make fair allowance for winter storms and snows, and other unavoidable causes of detention.

OurdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Our new conductor (just shipped) had been without sleep for twenty hours.

rememberverbUS /rɪˈmɛm.bər/

To recall to mind.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

requirednounUS /required/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

rightly

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

Sacramento

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

schedule

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

shipped

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our new conductor (just shipped) had been without sleep for twenty hours.

sleep

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our new conductor (just shipped) had been without sleep for twenty hours.

snows

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This was to make fair allowance for winter storms and snows, and other unavoidable causes of detention.

specified

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

St

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

stage

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The stage company had everything under strict discipline and good system.

stage-coach

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

storms

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This was to make fair allowance for winter storms and snows, and other unavoidable causes of detention.

strict

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The stage company had everything under strict discipline and good system.

SuchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Such a thing was very frequent.

system

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The stage company had everything under strict discipline and good system.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

thingnounUS /thing/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Such a thing was very frequent.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This was to make fair allowance for winter storms and snows, and other unavoidable causes of detention.

timenounUS /time/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

trip

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, by stage-coach, was nearly nineteen hundred miles, and the trip was often made in fifteen days (the cars do it in four and a half, now), but the time specified in the mail contracts, and required by the schedule, was eighteen or nineteen days, if I remember rightly.

twenty

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our new conductor (just shipped) had been without sleep for twenty hours.

unavoidable

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This was to make fair allowance for winter storms and snows, and other unavoidable causes of detention.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading The stage company had everything under strict discipline and good system.

very

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Such a thing was very frequent.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Such a thing was very frequent.

winter

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This was to make fair allowance for winter storms and snows, and other unavoidable causes of detention.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading Our new conductor (just shipped) had been without sleep for twenty hours.