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Scottish sketches
Scottish sketches

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of Scottish sketches is here in full — 44 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Scottish sketches
Context Illustration Reading 1/8 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
But soon the summer passed away, and the storms and snows of winter swept over the lonely island.
There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.
But no storms kept Christine long away from him.
Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.
All things may be borne when they are sure; and every one who loved John was glad when at last he could have a fair hearing.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Scottish sketches

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of Scottish sketches is here in full — 44 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/8 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
But soon the summer passed away, and the storms and snows of winter swept over the lonely island.
/bʌt suːn ðə ˈsʌmər pæst əˈweɪ ənd ðə stɔːrmz ənd snoʊz ʌv ˈwɪntər swept ˈoʊvər ðə ˈloʊnli ˈaɪlənd/
Line 2
There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.
Line 3
But no storms kept Christine long away from him.
Line 4
Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.
Line 5
All things may be borne when they are sure; and every one who loved John was glad when at last he could have a fair hearing.
/ɔːl θɪŋz meɪ biː bɔːrn wen ðeɪ ɑːr ʃʊr ənd ˈevəri wʌn huː lʌvd dʒɑːn wɑːz ɡlæd wen æt læst hiː kʊd hæv ə fer ˈhiːrɪŋ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

bogs noun US /bɑːɡz/

plural of “bog” — wet spongy ground of decomposing vegetation; has poorer drainage than a swamp; soil is unfit for cultivation but can be cut and dried and used for fuel

From this reading “Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.”

impassable adjective US /ˌɪmˈpæsəbəl/

incapable of being passed

From this reading “Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.”

imprisonment noun US /ˌɪmˈprɪzənmənt/

putting someone in prison or in jail as lawful punishment

From this reading “There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.”

jail noun US /dʒeɪl/

a correctional institution used to detain persons who are in the lawful custody of the government (either accused persons awaiting trial or convicted persons serving a sentence)

From this reading “There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.”

mosses noun US /ˈmɔːsəz/

plural of “moss” — tiny leafy-stemmed flowerless plants

From this reading “Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.”

ponies noun US /ˈpoʊniz/

plural of “pony” — a range horse of the western United States

From this reading “Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.”

snows noun US /snoʊz/

plural of “snow” — precipitation falling from clouds in the form of ice crystals

From this reading “But soon the summer passed away, and the storms and snows of winter swept over the lonely island.”

storms noun US /stɔːrmz/

plural of “storm” — a violent weather condition with winds 64-72 knots (11 on the Beaufort scale) and precipitation and thunder and lightning

From this reading “But soon the summer passed away, and the storms and snows of winter swept over the lonely island.”

All words in this reading · 80

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.

AlladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading All things may be borne when they are sure; and every one who loved John was glad when at last he could have a fair hearing.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading But soon the summer passed away, and the storms and snows of winter swept over the lonely island.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading All things may be borne when they are sure; and every one who loved John was glad when at last he could have a fair hearing.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading All things may be borne when they are sure; and every one who loved John was glad when at last he could have a fair hearing.

awayadverbUS /əˈweɪ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading But soon the summer passed away, and the storms and snows of winter swept over the lonely island.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.

bogsnounUS /bɑːɡz/

plural of “bog” — wet spongy ground of decomposing vegetation; has poorer drainage than a swamp; soil is unfit for cultivation but can be cut and dried and used for fuel

From this reading Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.

borneverbUS /bɔːrn/

inflected form of “bear” — have

From this reading All things may be borne when they are sure; and every one who loved John was glad when at last he could have a fair hearing.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But soon the summer passed away, and the storms and snows of winter swept over the lonely island.

chasms

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.

Christine

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But no storms kept Christine long away from him.

constantadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːnstənt/

unvarying in nature

From this reading Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading All things may be borne when they are sure; and every one who loved John was glad when at last he could have a fair hearing.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.

courtnounUS /kɔːrt/

an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business

From this reading There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.

DecembernounUS /dɪˈsembər/

the last (12th) month of the year

From this reading There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.

drearyadjectiveUS /ˈdrɪri/

lacking in liveliness or charm or surprise

From this reading There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.

fairadjectiveUS /fer/

free from favoritism or self-interest or bias or deception; conforming with established standards or rules

From this reading All things may be borne when they are sure; and every one who loved John was glad when at last he could have a fair hearing.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading But no storms kept Christine long away from him.

gladadjectiveUS /ɡlæd/

showing or causing joy and pleasure; especially made happy

From this reading All things may be borne when they are sure; and every one who loved John was glad when at last he could have a fair hearing.

grewverbUS /ɡruː/

inflected form of “grow” — pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become

From this reading There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading All things may be borne when they are sure; and every one who loved John was glad when at last he could have a fair hearing.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading All things may be borne when they are sure; and every one who loved John was glad when at last he could have a fair hearing.

hearingnounUS /ˈhiːrɪŋ/

(law) a proceeding (usually by a court) where evidence is taken for the purpose of determining an issue of fact and reaching a decision based on that evidence

From this reading All things may be borne when they are sure; and every one who loved John was glad when at last he could have a fair hearing.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading But no storms kept Christine long away from him.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.

impassableadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpæsəbəl/

incapable of being passed

From this reading Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.

imprisonmentnounUS /ˌɪmˈprɪzənmənt/

putting someone in prison or in jail as lawful punishment

From this reading There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.

islandnounUS /ˈaɪlənd/

a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by water

From this reading But soon the summer passed away, and the storms and snows of winter swept over the lonely island.

jailnounUS /dʒeɪl/

a correctional institution used to detain persons who are in the lawful custody of the government (either accused persons awaiting trial or convicted persons serving a sentence)

From this reading There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.

JohnnounUS /dʒɑːn/

a room or building equipped with one or more toilets

From this reading There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.

keptadjectiveUS /kept/

(especially of promises or contracts) not violated or disregarded

From this reading But no storms kept Christine long away from him.

Kirkwall

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading All things may be borne when they are sure; and every one who loved John was glad when at last he could have a fair hearing.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.

lonelyadjectiveUS /ˈloʊnli/

lacking companions or companionship

From this reading But soon the summer passed away, and the storms and snows of winter swept over the lonely island.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading But no storms kept Christine long away from him.

lovedadjectiveUS /lʌvd/

held dear

From this reading All things may be borne when they are sure; and every one who loved John was glad when at last he could have a fair hearing.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading All things may be borne when they are sure; and every one who loved John was glad when at last he could have a fair hearing.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.

mossesnounUS /ˈmɔːsəz/

plural of “moss” — tiny leafy-stemmed flowerless plants

From this reading Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading But soon the summer passed away, and the storms and snows of winter swept over the lonely island.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading All things may be borne when they are sure; and every one who loved John was glad when at last he could have a fair hearing.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading But soon the summer passed away, and the storms and snows of winter swept over the lonely island.

passedverbUS /pæst/

past form of “pass” — go across or through

From this reading But soon the summer passed away, and the storms and snows of winter swept over the lonely island.

performverbUS /pərˈfɔːrm/

carry out or perform an action

From this reading Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.

poniesnounUS /ˈpoʊniz/

plural of “pony” — a range horse of the western United States

From this reading Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.

roadsnounUS /roʊdz/

a partly sheltered anchorage

From this reading Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.

shepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.

snowsnounUS /snoʊz/

plural of “snow” — precipitation falling from clouds in the form of ice crystals

From this reading But soon the summer passed away, and the storms and snows of winter swept over the lonely island.

soonadverbUS /suːn/

in the near future

From this reading But soon the summer passed away, and the storms and snows of winter swept over the lonely island.

steeple-chase

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.

stormsnounUS /stɔːrmz/

plural of “storm” — a violent weather condition with winds 64-72 knots (11 on the Beaufort scale) and precipitation and thunder and lightning

From this reading But soon the summer passed away, and the storms and snows of winter swept over the lonely island.

summernounUS /ˈsʌmər/

the warmest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox

From this reading But soon the summer passed away, and the storms and snows of winter swept over the lonely island.

sureadjectiveUS /ʃʊr/

having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured

From this reading All things may be borne when they are sure; and every one who loved John was glad when at last he could have a fair hearing.

sweptadjectiveUS /swept/

possessing sweep

From this reading But soon the summer passed away, and the storms and snows of winter swept over the lonely island.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading But soon the summer passed away, and the storms and snows of winter swept over the lonely island.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading All things may be borne when they are sure; and every one who loved John was glad when at last he could have a fair hearing.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading All things may be borne when they are sure; and every one who loved John was glad when at last he could have a fair hearing.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.

tryverbUS /traɪ/

make an effort or attempt

From this reading There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading All things may be borne when they are sure; and every one who loved John was glad when at last he could have a fair hearing.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading All things may be borne when they are sure; and every one who loved John was glad when at last he could have a fair hearing.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading All things may be borne when they are sure; and every one who loved John was glad when at last he could have a fair hearing.

winternounUS /ˈwɪntər/

the coldest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox

From this reading But soon the summer passed away, and the storms and snows of winter swept over the lonely island.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading There would be no court until December to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirkwall jail grew every day more dreary.

Chapter 31 of Scottish sketches by Amelia E. Barr holds 44 sentences, grouped into 9 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of Scottish sketches contain?

Chapter 31 holds 44 sentences of Scottish sketches, unabridged, divided into 9 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of Scottish sketches by Amelia E. Barr exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 44 sentences, grouped into 9 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of Scottish sketches?

Work through the 9 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 9 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Scottish sketches

Common questions about reading Scottish sketches by Amelia E. Barr on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Scottish sketches?

Yes. All 3507 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #14494 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Scottish sketches is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #14494, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Scottish sketches take to read?

About 292 minutes of reading across 702 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Scottish sketches section by section

How to work through Scottish sketches section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 32 chapters of Scottish sketches to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Scottish sketches

Words and structures a reader meets early in Scottish sketches, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Conversation
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Scottish sketches; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Progress
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Scottish sketches; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Strangely
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Scottish sketches; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Dissimilar
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Scottish sketches; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.