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Secret History
Secret History

Chapter XXIII

Chapter 23 of Secret History is here in full — 34 sentences across 7 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/6 · 5 lines
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_St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.
Three infant daughters cheered her solitude; and she found in cultivating their minds a never failing source of delight.
Some faithful slaves who had followed her, supplied by their industry her wants.
The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.
Thus she lived, contented, if not happy, till the arrival of the French army at St. Domingo recalled its inhabitants to their deserted homes.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Secret History

Chapter XXIII

Chapter 23 of Secret History is here in full — 34 sentences across 7 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/6 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
_St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.
Line 2
Three infant daughters cheered her solitude; and she found in cultivating their minds a never failing source of delight.
/θriː ˈɪnfənt ˈdɔːtərz tʃɪrd hɜːr ˈsɑːlətuːd ənd ʃiː faʊnd ɪn ˈkʌltɪveɪtɪŋ ðer maɪndz ə ˈnevər ˈfeɪlɪŋ sɔːrs ʌv dɪˈlaɪt/
Line 3
Some faithful slaves who had followed her, supplied by their industry her wants.
/sʌm ˈfeɪθfəl sleɪvz huː hæd ˈfɑːloʊd hɜːr səˈplaɪd baɪ ðer ˈɪndəstri hɜːr wɑːnts/
Line 4
The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.
/ðə ˈbjuːti ʌv hɜːr ˈpɜːrsən ðə ˈeləɡəns ʌv hɜːr ˈmænərz ənd ðə prəˈpraɪəti ʌv hɜːr ˈkɑːndəkt ˈrendərd hɜːr ðə ˌædmərˈeɪʃən ʌv ɔːl huː biˈheld hɜːr waɪlst hɜːr bəˈnev.əl.əns wɪtʃ ʃerd wɪð ðə puːr ðə ˈskænti ˈpɪtəns ʃiː pəˈzest meɪd hɜːr ðə ˈaɪdəl ʌv ðoʊz huːz wɑːnts ʃiː rɪˈliːvd/
Line 5
Thus she lived, contented, if not happy, till the arrival of the French army at St. Domingo recalled its inhabitants to their deserted homes.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

benevolence noun US /bəˈnev.əl.əns/

The quality of being well meaning; kindness and generosity. (Lòng nhân ái, sự nhân từ độ lượng.)

From this reading “The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.”

Cuba noun US /ˈkjuːbə/

a communist state in the Caribbean on the island of Cuba

From this reading “_St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.”

cultivating verb US /ˈkʌltɪveɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “cultivate” — foster the growth of

From this reading “Three infant daughters cheered her solitude; and she found in cultivating their minds a never failing source of delight.”

Domingo noun US /doʊˈmɪŋɡoʊ/

Spanish operatic tenor noted for performances in operas by Verdi and Puccini (born in 1941)

From this reading “_St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.”

elegance noun US /ˈeləɡəns/

a refined quality of gracefulness and good taste

From this reading “The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.”

obscurity noun US /əbsˈkjʊrəti/

the quality of being unclear or abstruse and hard to understand

From this reading “_St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.”

pittance noun US /ˈpɪtəns/

an inadequate payment

From this reading “The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.”

ravaged adjective US /ˈrævɪdʒd/

having been robbed and destroyed by force and violence

From this reading “_St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

faithful slaves adjective + noun counted as “faithful slave”

In this reading “Some faithful slaves who had followed her, supplied by their industry her wants.”

at the beginning preposition + article + noun counted as “at … beginning”

In this reading “_St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.”

supplied by verb + particle counted as “supply by”

In this reading “Some faithful slaves who had followed her, supplied by their industry her wants.”

All words in this reading · 97

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

admirationnounUS /ˌædmərˈeɪʃən/

a feeling of delighted approval and liking

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

armynounUS /ˈɑːrmi/

a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading Thus she lived, contented, if not happy, till the arrival of the French army at St. Domingo recalled its inhabitants to their deserted homes.

arrivalnounUS /ərˈaɪvəl/

accomplishment of an objective

From this reading Thus she lived, contented, if not happy, till the arrival of the French army at St. Domingo recalled its inhabitants to their deserted homes.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

Barracoa

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

beautynounUS /ˈbjuːti/

the qualities that give pleasure to the senses

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

beginningnounUS /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/

the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

beheldverbUS /biˈheld/

inflected form of “behold” — see with attention

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

benevolencenounUS /bəˈnev.əl.əns/

The quality of being well meaning; kindness and generosity. (Lòng nhân ái, sự nhân từ độ lượng.)

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Some faithful slaves who had followed her, supplied by their industry her wants.

cheeredverbUS /tʃɪrd/

past form of “cheer” — give encouragement to

From this reading Three infant daughters cheered her solitude; and she found in cultivating their minds a never failing source of delight.

conductverbUS /ˈkɑːndəkt/

direct the course of; manage or control

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

contentedadjectiveUS /kənˈtentəd/

satisfied or showing satisfaction with things as they are

From this reading Thus she lived, contented, if not happy, till the arrival of the French army at St. Domingo recalled its inhabitants to their deserted homes.

CubanounUS /ˈkjuːbə/

a communist state in the Caribbean on the island of Cuba

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

cultivatingverbUS /ˈkʌltɪveɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “cultivate” — foster the growth of

From this reading Three infant daughters cheered her solitude; and she found in cultivating their minds a never failing source of delight.

daughtersnounUS /ˈdɔːtərz/

plural of “daughter” — a female human offspring

From this reading Three infant daughters cheered her solitude; and she found in cultivating their minds a never failing source of delight.

denounUS /diː/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

delightverbUS /dɪˈlaɪt/

give pleasure to or be pleasing to

From this reading Three infant daughters cheered her solitude; and she found in cultivating their minds a never failing source of delight.

desertedadjectiveUS /dɪˈzɜːrtɪd/

forsaken by owner or inhabitants

From this reading Thus she lived, contented, if not happy, till the arrival of the French army at St. Domingo recalled its inhabitants to their deserted homes.

devotedadjectiveUS /dɪˈvoʊtɪd/

zealous in devotion or affection

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

DomingonounUS /doʊˈmɪŋɡoʊ/

Spanish operatic tenor noted for performances in operas by Verdi and Puccini (born in 1941)

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

elegancenounUS /ˈeləɡəns/

a refined quality of gracefulness and good taste

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

failingnounUS /ˈfeɪlɪŋ/

a flaw or weak point

From this reading Three infant daughters cheered her solitude; and she found in cultivating their minds a never failing source of delight.

faithfuladjectiveUS /ˈfeɪθfəl/

steadfast in affection or allegiance

From this reading Some faithful slaves who had followed her, supplied by their industry her wants.

followedverbUS /ˈfɑːloʊd/

past form of “follow” — to travel behind, go after, come after

From this reading Some faithful slaves who had followed her, supplied by their industry her wants.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading Three infant daughters cheered her solitude; and she found in cultivating their minds a never failing source of delight.

FrenchnounUS /frentʃ/

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading Thus she lived, contented, if not happy, till the arrival of the French army at St. Domingo recalled its inhabitants to their deserted homes.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

GnounUS /dʒiː/

a metric unit of weight equal to one thousandth of a kilogram

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

Gonaives

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Some faithful slaves who had followed her, supplied by their industry her wants.

happyadjectiveUS /ˈhæpi/

enjoying or showing or marked by joy or pleasure

From this reading Thus she lived, contented, if not happy, till the arrival of the French army at St. Domingo recalled its inhabitants to their deserted homes.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

homesnounUS /hoʊmz/

plural of “home” — where you live at a particular time

From this reading Thus she lived, contented, if not happy, till the arrival of the French army at St. Domingo recalled its inhabitants to their deserted homes.

horrorsnounUS /ˈhɔːrərz/

plural of “horror” — intense and profound fear

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

husbandnounUS /ˈhʌzbənd/

a married man; a woman's partner in marriage

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

idolnounUS /ˈaɪdəl/

a material effigy that is worshipped

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading Thus she lived, contented, if not happy, till the arrival of the French army at St. Domingo recalled its inhabitants to their deserted homes.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

industrynounUS /ˈɪndəstri/

the people or companies engaged in a particular kind of commercial enterprise

From this reading Some faithful slaves who had followed her, supplied by their industry her wants.

infantnounUS /ˈɪnfənt/

a very young child (birth to 1 year) who has not yet begun to walk or talk

From this reading Three infant daughters cheered her solitude; and she found in cultivating their minds a never failing source of delight.

inhabitantsnounUS /ɪnˈhæbətənts/

plural of “inhabitant” — a person who inhabits a particular place

From this reading Thus she lived, contented, if not happy, till the arrival of the French army at St. Domingo recalled its inhabitants to their deserted homes.

islandnounUS /ˈaɪlənd/

a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by water

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Thus she lived, contented, if not happy, till the arrival of the French army at St. Domingo recalled its inhabitants to their deserted homes.

Jago

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

leftnounUS /left/

location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

livedverbUS /lɪvd/

past form of “live” — be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading Thus she lived, contented, if not happy, till the arrival of the French army at St. Domingo recalled its inhabitants to their deserted homes.

lostadjectiveUS /lɔːst/

no longer in your possession or control; unable to be found or recovered

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

MadamenounUS /ˈmædəm/

title used for a married Frenchwoman

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

mannersnounUS /ˈmænərz/

social deportment

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

mindsnounUS /maɪndz/

plural of “mind” — that which is responsible for one's thoughts, feelings, and conscious brain functions; the seat of the faculty of reason

From this reading Three infant daughters cheered her solitude; and she found in cultivating their minds a never failing source of delight.

nativeadjectiveUS /ˈneɪtɪv/

characteristic of or existing by virtue of geographic origin

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading Three infant daughters cheered her solitude; and she found in cultivating their minds a never failing source of delight.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Thus she lived, contented, if not happy, till the arrival of the French army at St. Domingo recalled its inhabitants to their deserted homes.

obscuritynounUS /əbsˈkjʊrəti/

the quality of being unclear or abstruse and hard to understand

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

peacefuladjectiveUS /ˈpiːsfəl/

not disturbed by strife or turmoil or war

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

personnounUS /ˈpɜːrsən/

a human being

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

pittancenounUS /ˈpɪtəns/

an inadequate payment

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

pooradjectiveUS /puːr/

deserving or inciting pity

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

possessedadjectiveUS /pəˈzest/

influenced or controlled by a powerful force such as a strong emotion

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

proprietynounUS /prəˈpraɪəti/

correct or appropriate behavior

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

ravagedadjectiveUS /ˈrævɪdʒd/

having been robbed and destroyed by force and violence

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

recalledverbUS /rɪˈkɔːld/

past form of “recall” — recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection

From this reading Thus she lived, contented, if not happy, till the arrival of the French army at St. Domingo recalled its inhabitants to their deserted homes.

relievedadjectiveUS /rɪˈliːvd/

(of pain or sorrow) made easier to bear

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

renderedverbUS /ˈrendərd/

past form of “render” — cause to become

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

retreatnounUS /riˈtriːt/

(military) withdrawal of troops to a more favorable position to escape the enemy's superior forces or after a defeat

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

revolutionnounUS /ˌrevəˈluːʃən/

a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

scantyadjectiveUS /ˈskænti/

lacking in magnitude or quantity

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

sharedadjectiveUS /ʃerd/

have in common; held or experienced in common

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

shepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Three infant daughters cheered her solitude; and she found in cultivating their minds a never failing source of delight.

slavesnounUS /sleɪvz/

plural of “slave” — a person who is owned by someone

From this reading Some faithful slaves who had followed her, supplied by their industry her wants.

solitudenounUS /ˈsɑːlətuːd/

a state of social isolation

From this reading Three infant daughters cheered her solitude; and she found in cultivating their minds a never failing source of delight.

SomeadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading Some faithful slaves who had followed her, supplied by their industry her wants.

soughtadjectiveUS /sɔːt/

that is looked for

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

sourcenounUS /sɔːrs/

the place where something begins, where it springs into being

From this reading Three infant daughters cheered her solitude; and she found in cultivating their minds a never failing source of delight.

St

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

suppliedverbUS /səˈplaɪd/

inflected form of “supply” — give something useful or necessary to

From this reading Some faithful slaves who had followed her, supplied by their industry her wants.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading _St. Jago de Cuba._ Madame G----, a native of the Gonaives, having lost her husband at the beginning of the revolution, left St. Domingo, and sought a retreat from the horrors that ravaged that devoted island in the peaceful obscurity of Barracoa.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Three infant daughters cheered her solitude; and she found in cultivating their minds a never failing source of delight.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

ThreenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading Three infant daughters cheered her solitude; and she found in cultivating their minds a never failing source of delight.

ThusadverbUS /ðʌs/

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading Thus she lived, contented, if not happy, till the arrival of the French army at St. Domingo recalled its inhabitants to their deserted homes.

tillprepositionUS /tɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading Thus she lived, contented, if not happy, till the arrival of the French army at St. Domingo recalled its inhabitants to their deserted homes.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Thus she lived, contented, if not happy, till the arrival of the French army at St. Domingo recalled its inhabitants to their deserted homes.

wantsnounUS /wɑːnts/

plural of “want” — a state of extreme poverty

From this reading Some faithful slaves who had followed her, supplied by their industry her wants.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

whilstconjunctionUS /waɪlst/

an old and formal word for “while”

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Some faithful slaves who had followed her, supplied by their industry her wants.

whosedeterminerUS /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The beauty of her person, the elegance of her manners and the propriety of her conduct, rendered her the admiration of all who beheld her, whilst her benevolence, which shared with the poor the scanty pittance she possessed, made her the idol of those whose wants she relieved.

Chapter 23 of Secret History by Leonora Sansay holds 34 sentences, grouped into 7 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 23 of Secret History contain?

Chapter 23 holds 34 sentences of Secret History, unabridged, divided into 7 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 23 of Secret History by Leonora Sansay exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 34 sentences, grouped into 7 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 23 of Secret History?

Work through the 7 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 7 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 23 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 23 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Secret History

Common questions about reading Secret History by Leonora Sansay on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Secret History?

Yes. All 1471 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #59533 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Secret History is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #59533, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Secret History take to read?

About 122 minutes of reading across 295 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Secret History section by section

How to work through Secret History section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 33 chapters of Secret History to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Secret History

Words and structures a reader meets early in Secret History, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

General
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Secret History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Rochambeau
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Secret History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Printer
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Secret History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Preface
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Secret History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.